Implemented multi-binary app packaging (#648)

.github/actions/build-sdk-posix/action.yml

@@ -22,19 +22,17 @@ runs:
       run: python Buildscripts/release-sdk-posix.py release/TactilitySDK
     - name: 'Test Integration Prep'
       shell: bash
-      # The manifest.properties of our integration test uses version 0.0.0 to indicate that it is not using a normal SDK
-      # This way, it only works with our custom build. That means we have to create a copy of the SDK with the correct folder structure:
       env:
         TACTILITY_ARCH: ${{ steps.arch.outputs.value }}
       run: |
-        TACTILITY_SDK_NAME="0.0.0-posix-$TACTILITY_ARCH"
+        TACTILITY_SDK_NAME="$(cat version.txt)-posix-$TACTILITY_ARCH"
         mkdir -p test_sdk/$TACTILITY_SDK_NAME
         cp -r release/TactilitySDK test_sdk/$TACTILITY_SDK_NAME
     - name: 'Test Integration'
       shell: bash
       env:
         TACTILITY_ARCH: ${{ steps.arch.outputs.value }}
-      run: cd Tests/SdkIntegration && TACTILITY_SDK_PATH=../../test_sdk python tactility.py build posix-$TACTILITY_ARCH --local-sdk
+      run: cd Tests/SdkIntegration && TACTILITY_SDK_PATH=../../test_sdk python tactility.py build -a posix-$TACTILITY_ARCH --local-sdk
     - name: 'Upload Artifact'
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:

.github/actions/build-sdk/action.yml

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ runs:
       # The manifest.properties of our integration test uses version 0.0.0 to indicate that it is not using a normal SDK
       # This way, it only works with our custom build. That means we have to create a copy of the SDK with the correct folder structure:
       run: |
-        TACTILITY_SDK_NAME="0.0.0-${{ inputs.arch }}"
+        TACTILITY_SDK_NAME="$(cat version.txt)-${{ inputs.arch }}"
         mkdir -p test_sdk/$TACTILITY_SDK_NAME
         cp -r release/TactilitySDK test_sdk/$TACTILITY_SDK_NAME
     - name: 'Test Integration'
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ runs:
       with:
         esp_idf_version: v5.5.2
         target: ${{ inputs.arch }}
-        command: export TACTILITY_SDK_PATH=../../test_sdk && cd Tests/SdkIntegration && python tactility.py build ${{ inputs.arch }} --local-sdk
+        command: export TACTILITY_SDK_PATH=../../test_sdk && cd Tests/SdkIntegration && python tactility.py build -a ${{ inputs.arch }} --local-sdk
     - name: 'Upload Artifact'
       uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:

Modules/app-esp32-module/source/app_esp32_loader_service.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 #include <esp_elf.h>
 #include <esp_err.h>
 
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <new>
 #include <string>
@@ -64,13 +66,22 @@ error_t read_file(const char* path, uint8_t** out_data, size_t* out_size) {
     return ERROR_NONE;
 }
 
-// location.location can be either an app's install directory or the .elf file directly; the
+bool is_regular_file(const std::string& path) {
-// former resolves to the per-target binary at {dir}/elf/{CONFIG_IDF_TARGET}.elf.
+    struct stat path_stat {};
+    return ::stat(path.c_str(), &path_stat) == 0 && S_ISREG(path_stat.st_mode);
+}
+
+// location.location can be either an app's install directory or the .elf file directly. A
+// "packaged" app's install directory always holds its single binary at the fixed path
+// {dir}/bin/{CONFIG_IDF_TARGET}/app.elf - a "terminal" app has no such file (its several
+// binaries keep their own names), so this correctly leaves it unresolvable - terminal apps
+// aren't run through AppLoaderApi (see app/install.h).
 std::string resolve_elf_path(const std::string& path) {
     if (path.ends_with(".elf")) {
         return path;
     }
-    return path + "/elf/" + CONFIG_IDF_TARGET + ".elf";
+    std::string candidate = path + "/bin/" CONFIG_IDF_TARGET "/app.elf";
+    return is_regular_file(candidate) ? candidate : "";
 }
 
 constexpr ElfRequirements EXECUTABLE_REQUIREMENTS = {

Modules/app-module/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ tactility_add_module(app-module
     PRIV_INCLUDE_DIRS private/
     INCLUDE_DIRS include/
     REQUIRES TactilityKernel service-module minitar
+    PRIV_REQUIRES TactilityKernelCpp
 )
 
 # Tells source/io.cpp its real-syscall fallback must go through __real_read/write/close()
@@ -19,3 +20,11 @@ if (NOT APPLE)
     tactility_get_module_name(app-module MODULE_NAME)
     target_compile_definitions(${MODULE_NAME} PRIVATE TT_APP_IO_WRAPS_STDIO)
 endif ()
+
+# install.cpp resolves an installed binary's fixed bin/<platform>/<binary>.so path itself, so it
+# needs the same platform-arch string app-posix-module's own CMakeLists.txt defines for its
+# loader (the ESP32 equivalent, CONFIG_IDF_TARGET, comes for free from sdkconfig.h there).
+if (NOT ESP_PLATFORM)
+    tactility_get_module_name(app-module MODULE_NAME)
+    target_compile_definitions(${MODULE_NAME} PRIVATE "TACTILITY_POSIX_ARCH=\"${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}\"")
+endif ()

Modules/app-module/include/app/install.h

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ extern "C" {
 /**
  * Computes the install directory for @a app_id (does not check whether anything is actually
  * installed there).
- * @param[out] path always NULL-terminated on return, even on failure (empty string if
+ * @param[out] path always NULL-terminated on return, even on failure. Empty when @a path_size
- * @a path_size == 0 - nothing is written in that case; otherwise at least "" is written)
+ * is 0, since nothing is written in that case.
  * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
  * @retval ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW @a path_size is too small to hold the path (including the
  * NULL terminator)
@@ -22,14 +22,15 @@ extern "C" {
 error_t app_get_install_path(const char* app_id, char* path, size_t path_size);
 
 /**
- * Installs an app from a tarball at @a source_path: extracts it into the app install directory,
+ * Installs a package from a tarball at @a source_path: extracts it into the package's install
- * parses the extracted manifest.properties (see app/metadata.h) to determine its id, then
+ * directory, parses the extracted manifest.properties (see app/package_manifest.h) into a
- * registers it with app_manager_add() as an AppLocation{APP_LOCATION_PATH, <install dir>} app.
+ * PackageManifest and one or more AppManifestBindings, then registers each with app_manager_add()
- * If an app with the same id is already installed (via a previous app_install() call), it is
+ * as an AppLocation{APP_LOCATION_PATH, <binary path>} app.
- * uninstalled first - stopped if running, its old install directory removed - before the new
+ * If a package with the same id is already installed (via a previous app_install() call), it is
- * one takes its place.
+ * uninstalled first: every one of its apps stopped if running, then its old install directory
- * @param[in] source_path path to a tar file containing the app (must have manifest.properties
+ * removed, before the new one takes its place.
- * at its root)
+ * @param[in] source_path path to a tar file containing the package (must have
+ * manifest.properties at its root)
  * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
  * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND @a source_path doesn't exist / can't be read
  * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT the tarball has no valid manifest.properties at its root
@@ -37,11 +38,11 @@ error_t app_get_install_path(const char* app_id, char* path, size_t path_size);
 error_t app_install(const char* source_path);
 
 /**
- * Uninstalls a previously app_install()-ed app: stops it if currently running, deletes its
+ * Uninstalls a previously app_install()-ed package: stops every one of its apps if currently
- * install directory, and unregisters it (app_manager_remove()).
+ * running, deletes its install directory, and unregisters all of them (app_manager_remove()).
- * @param[in] app_id the id the app was installed under (AppMetadata::app_id)
+ * @param[in] app_id the package id it was installed under (PackageManifest::id)
  * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
- * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND no such app was installed via app_install()
+ * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND no such package was installed via app_install()
  */
 error_t app_uninstall(const char* app_id);
 

Modules/app-module/include/app/loader.h

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 #pragma once
 
+#include "location.h"
 #include <app/manifest.h>
-#include <tactility/error.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include "location.h"
+#include <tactility/error.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {

Modules/app-module/include/app/manager.h

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <app/instance.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/stream.h>
 
 #include <tactility/error.h>
@@ -44,6 +45,48 @@ error_t app_manager_find_manifest(const char* id, struct AppManifest* out_manife
 typedef void (*AppManifestVisitorFn)(const struct AppManifest* manifest, void* context);
 void app_manager_for_each_manifest(AppManifestVisitorFn visitor, void* context);
 
+/**
+ * Registers a package for enumeration via app_manager_for_each_package(). Separate from
+ * registering its apps - the caller still calls app_manager_add() for each AppManifest.
+ * @param[in] app_ids the ids of the AppManifest(s) this package registered
+ * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT a package with the same id is already registered
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ */
+error_t app_manager_add_package(const struct PackageManifest* package, const char* const* app_ids, size_t app_id_count);
+
+/**
+ * Unregisters a previously-added package. Does not touch its apps' own registrations.
+ * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND no package with this id is registered
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ */
+error_t app_manager_remove_package(const char* package_id);
+
+/**
+ * @param[out] out_package set to a copy of the package on success
+ * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND no package with this id is registered
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ */
+error_t app_manager_find_package(const char* package_id, struct PackageManifest* out_package);
+
+/** One registered package, handed to AppPackageVisitorFn - see app_manager_for_each_package(). */
+struct AppPackage {
+    struct PackageManifest package;
+    /** How many entries @a app_ids points to. */
+    size_t app_id_count;
+    /** Valid only for the duration of the app_manager_for_each_package() call that produced
+     * this - copy out what's needed before returning from the visitor. */
+    const char* const* app_ids;
+};
+
+typedef void (*AppPackageVisitorFn)(const struct AppPackage* pkg, void* context);
+
+/**
+ * Calls @a visitor once for every registered package. Iteration order is unspecified.
+ * @warning Same threading contract as app_manager_for_each_manifest(): runs with an internal
+ * lock held - do not call any app_manager_*() function from inside @a visitor.
+ */
+void app_manager_for_each_package(AppPackageVisitorFn visitor, void* context);
+
 /** One fd-to-stream binding for app_start_with_streams() (app/start.h). Every field is passed
  * through to app_stream_subscribe() as-is; see its own doc for the ownership contracts. */
 struct AppStreamBinding {
@@ -90,8 +133,8 @@ error_t app_manager_get_topmost_app_id(char* buffer, size_t buffer_size);
 
 /**
  * Registers @a path as a directory to scan for app manifests - each direct subdirectory of
- * @a path is expected to hold a manifest.properties (see app/metadata.h), matching the layout
+ * @a path is expected to hold a manifest.properties (see app/package_manifest.h), matching the
- * app_install() creates ({install dir}/{app_id}/manifest.properties), though this is not
+ * layout app_install() creates ({install dir}/{package id}/manifest.properties), though this is not
  * install/uninstall - it only ever adds/removes manifest registrations, never touches files on
  * disk or running instances. No-op if @a path is already registered. Does not scan immediately -
  * call app_manager_install_path_scan() to do that.

Modules/app-module/include/app/manifest.h

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 // Character count, excluding null terminator
-#define APP_ID_LENGTH 32
+#define APP_MANIFEST_ID_LENGTH 32
+
+// Character count, excluding null terminator
+#define APP_MANIFEST_NAME_LENGTH 32
 
 /** Broad classification of an app, used for grouping/launcher presentation. */
 enum AppCategory {
@@ -45,10 +48,10 @@ struct AppStackConfig {
 
 /** Describes a registrable app. One manifest exists per app id. */
 struct AppManifest {
-    /** Unique app identifier. Should never be NULL. */
+    /** Unique app identifier. Must be NULL-terminated. */
-    const char* id;
+    char id[APP_MANIFEST_ID_LENGTH + 1];
-    /** Human-readable name. Should never be NULL. */
+    /** Human-readable name. Must be NULL-terminated. */
-    const char* name;
+    char name[APP_MANIFEST_NAME_LENGTH + 1];
     enum AppCategory category;
     struct AppLocation location;
     /** Bitmask of AppManifestFlags. Most apps should leave this 0. */
@@ -57,7 +60,9 @@ struct AppManifest {
     struct AppStackConfig stack;
 };
 
-bool app_id_is_valid(const char* id);
+bool app_manifest_id_is_valid(const char* id);
+bool app_manifest_name_is_valid(const char* name);
+bool app_manifest_stack_size_is_valid(const char* value);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }

Modules/app-module/include/app/metadata.h

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-#pragma once
-
-#include <tactility/error.h>
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-#define APP_METADATA_TARGET_SDK_LENGTH 16
-#define APP_METADATA_APP_ID_LENGTH 32
-#define APP_METADATA_APP_NAME_LENGTH 32
-#define APP_METADATA_APP_VERSION_NAME_LENGTH 16
-#define APP_METADATA_REQUIRES_DEVICE_ID_LENGTH 64
-
-struct AppMetadata {
-
-    /**
-     * The SDK version that was used to compile this app. (e.g. "0.6.0")
-     * Must be NULL-terminated.
-     */
-    char target_sdk[APP_METADATA_TARGET_SDK_LENGTH + 1];
-
-    /**
-     * The identifier by which the app is launched by the system and other apps.
-     * Must be NULL-terminated.
-     */
-    char app_id[APP_METADATA_APP_ID_LENGTH + 1];
-
-    /**
-     * The user-readable name of the app. Used in UI.
-     * Must be NULL-terminated.
-     */
-    char app_name[APP_METADATA_APP_NAME_LENGTH + 1];
-
-    /**
-     * The version as it is displayed to the user (e.g. "1.2.0")
-     * Must be NULL-terminated.
-     */
-    char app_version_name[APP_METADATA_APP_VERSION_NAME_LENGTH + 1];
-
-    /** The technical version (must be incremented with new releases of the app) */
-    uint64_t app_version_code;
-
-    /**
-     * Comma-separated list of device ids the app is restricted to (e.g. "m5stack-tab5"), matching
-     * the folder names under Devices/. Empty means unrestricted.
-     * Must be NULL-terminated.
-     */
-    char requires_device_id[APP_METADATA_REQUIRES_DEVICE_ID_LENGTH + 1];
-
-    /**
-     * Stack depth (in words) for the app's task. Optional; 0 means scheduler default.
-     * @warning Avoid default values: the default is conservative, which wastes memory.
-     */
-    uint32_t stack_depth;
-};
-
-/**
- * Parses a manifest.properties file at @a path into @a out_metadata, auto-detecting the V1
- * (sectioned, e.g. "[app]id=...") or V2 (flat dot-notation, e.g. "app.id=...") format from its
- * first line.
- * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
- * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND the file doesn't exist / couldn't be opened
- * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT the file isn't a valid manifest, or a field's value doesn't fit
- * @a out_metadata's fixed-size buffers
- */
-error_t app_metadata_parse(const char* path, struct AppMetadata* out_metadata);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif

Modules/app-module/include/app/package_manifest.h

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#pragma once
+
+#include <app/manifest.h>
+
+#include <tactility/error.h>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define PACKAGE_MANIFEST_TARGET_SDK_LENGTH 16
+#define PACKAGE_MANIFEST_ID_LENGTH 32
+#define PACKAGE_MANIFEST_VERSION_NAME_LENGTH 16
+#define PACKAGE_MANIFEST_REQUIRES_DEVICE_ID_LENGTH 64
+
+/** Character count, excluding null terminator, for AppManifestBinding::binary. */
+#define APP_MANIFEST_BINARY_LENGTH 31
+
+/** Largest number of AppManifest entries package_manifest_parse() can produce from a single
+ * manifest.properties file. */
+#define PACKAGE_MANIFEST_MAX_APP_MANIFESTS 32
+
+/** A package-level manifest.properties: SDK/version metadata that applies to the whole package,
+ * not to any one of its (possibly several) apps. Not kept in memory at runtime - only used to
+ * create and cache the AppManifest(s) it describes. */
+struct PackageManifest {
+    /**
+     * The package identifier (e.g. the install directory name). Distinct from any of its own
+     * AppManifest ids.
+     * Must be NULL-terminated.
+     */
+    char id[PACKAGE_MANIFEST_ID_LENGTH + 1];
+
+    /**
+     * The package version as it is displayed to the user (e.g. "1.2.0")
+     * Must be NULL-terminated.
+     */
+    char version_name[PACKAGE_MANIFEST_VERSION_NAME_LENGTH + 1];
+
+    /** The package's technical version (must be incremented with new releases). */
+    uint64_t version_code;
+
+    /**
+     * The SDK version that was used to compile this package. (e.g. "0.6.0")
+     * Must be NULL-terminated.
+     */
+    char target_sdk[PACKAGE_MANIFEST_TARGET_SDK_LENGTH + 1];
+
+    /**
+     * Comma-separated list of device ids the package is restricted to (e.g. "m5stack-tab5"),
+     * matching the folder names under Devices/. Empty means unrestricted.
+     * Must be NULL-terminated.
+     */
+    char requires_device_id[PACKAGE_MANIFEST_REQUIRES_DEVICE_ID_LENGTH + 1];
+
+    /** How many AppManifest entries this package's manifest.properties declared. */
+    uint32_t app_manifest_count;
+};
+
+/** Pairs a parsed AppManifest with the filename (without extension) it installs as under
+ * bin/<platform>/ - e.g. "main" resolves to bin/posix-x86_64/main.so. Not kept anywhere at
+ * runtime - same lifetime as PackageManifest, only used to hand parse results to the installer/
+ * scanner, which resolve `binary` into AppManifest::location::location. */
+struct AppManifestBinding {
+    struct AppManifest manifest;
+    char binary[APP_MANIFEST_BINARY_LENGTH + 1];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Parses a manifest.properties file at @a path (flat dot-notation, e.g. "app.id=...") into
+ * @a out_package and @a out_bindings.
+ * @param[out] out_bindings written with up to @a bindings_capacity entries (see
+ * PackageManifest::app_manifest_count for how many)
+ * @param[in] bindings_capacity the capacity of @a out_bindings
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND the file doesn't exist / couldn't be opened
+ * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT the file isn't a valid manifest, or a field's value doesn't fit
+ * its fixed-size buffer
+ * @retval ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW the manifest declares more apps than @a bindings_capacity
+ */
+error_t app_package_manifest_parse(const char* path, struct PackageManifest* out_package, struct AppManifestBinding* out_bindings, size_t bindings_capacity);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

Modules/app-module/private/app/private/binary_path.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#pragma once
+
+#ifdef ESP_PLATFORM
+#include <sdkconfig.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <string>
+
+// Resolves an AppManifestBinding::binary filename (without extension) to its installed path
+// under this fixed, predictable location, mirroring what each platform's own loader
+// (app_posix_loader_service.cpp / app_esp32_loader_service.cpp) already resolves a plain
+// ".so"/".elf" AppLocation::location straight through unchanged - so setting location.location
+// to this exact path means neither loader needs to guess which of a package's several binaries
+// an AppManifest refers to.
+inline std::string app_resolve_binary_path(const std::string& install_dir, const std::string& binary) {
+#ifdef ESP_PLATFORM
+    return install_dir + "/bin/" CONFIG_IDF_TARGET "/" + binary + ".elf";
+#else
+    return install_dir + "/bin/posix-" TACTILITY_POSIX_ARCH "/" + binary + ".so";
+#endif
+}

Modules/app-module/private/app/private/ledger.h

@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
 
 #include <app/instance.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/private/fd_table.h>
 
+#include <TactilityCpp/Allocator.h>
+
 #include <tactility/concurrent/mutex.h>
 #include <tactility/freertos/freertos.h>
 #include <tactility/freertos/semphr.h>
@@ -13,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
 
 /**
  * A dedicated completion signal(1) for one app instance's task, given as the
@@ -57,8 +61,16 @@ struct AppInstanceRecord {
     AppFdTable fd_table {};
 };
 
+/** A registered installed package - see app_manager_add_package() (app/manager.h). */
+struct AppPackageRecord {
+    struct PackageManifest package;
+    std::vector<std::string> app_ids;
+};
+
 struct AppLedger {
     std::unordered_map<std::string, const AppManifest*> manifests;
+    // OptExternalAllocator: bigger entries than `manifests`, and unlike `instances` isn't on the app start/stop hot path.
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, AppPackageRecord, std::hash<std::string>, std::equal_to<std::string>, tt::OptExternalAllocator<std::pair<const std::string, AppPackageRecord>>> packages;
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, AppInstanceRecord> instances;
     uint32_t next_instance_id = 1;
     Mutex mutex {};

Modules/app-module/private/app/private/metadata_parsing_internal.h

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-#pragma once
-
-#include <app/metadata.h>
-
-#include <map>
-#include <string>
-
-/** Shared helpers + per-format parsers for app_metadata_parse() (source/app_metadata_parsing.cpp)
- * - split out like the old tt::app manifest parser (AppManifestParsing/V1/V2.cpp) that this is
- * modelled on, one file per format plus a shared dispatcher. */
-
-bool app_metadata_get_value(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, const std::string& key, std::string& out_value);
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_format_version(const std::string& version);
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_name(const std::string& name);
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_version_name(const std::string& version);
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_version_code(const std::string& version);
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_stack_size(const std::string& value);
-
-/** Validates a comma-separated list of device ids (alphanumeric + '-' items, matching Devices/<id> folder names). */
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_device_id_list(const std::string& value);
-
-/** Copies @a value into @a dest (a fixed-size buffer of @a dest_size bytes, including the NULL
- * terminator) if it fits.
- * @retval false @a value doesn't fit in @a dest_size bytes - @a dest is left untouched */
-bool app_metadata_copy_bounded(char* dest, size_t dest_size, const std::string& value);
-
-/** Parses a V1 (sectioned INI, e.g. "[app]versionName=...") manifest map into @a out_metadata. */
-bool app_metadata_parse_v1(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, struct AppMetadata& out_metadata);
-
-/** Parses a V2 (flat dot-notation, e.g. "app.version.name=...") manifest map into @a out_metadata. */
-bool app_metadata_parse_v2(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, struct AppMetadata& out_metadata);
-
-bool app_metadata_validate_string(const std::string& value, bool (*is_valid_char)(char));

Modules/app-module/private/app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#pragma once
+
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
+
+#include <TactilityCpp/Allocator.h>
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+/** Shared helpers + parser for app_package_manifest_parse() (source/package_manifest_parsing.cpp). */
+
+bool app_package_manifest_get_value(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, const std::string& key, std::string& out_value);
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_format_version(const std::string& version);
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_name(const std::string& version);
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_code(const std::string& version);
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_bool(const std::string& value);
+
+/** Validates a comma-separated list of device ids (alphanumeric + '-' items, matching Devices/<id> folder names). */
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_device_id_list(const std::string& value);
+
+/** Validates a binary filename stem (AppManifestBinding::binary): alphanumeric plus '.', '_', '-'. */
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_binary_name(const std::string& value);
+
+/** Copies @a value into @a dest (a fixed-size buffer of @a dest_size bytes, including the NULL
+ * terminator) if it fits.
+ * @retval false @a value doesn't fit in @a dest_size bytes - @a dest is left untouched */
+bool app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(char* dest, size_t dest_size, const std::string& value);
+
+/** Parses a V2 (flat dot-notation, e.g. "app.version.name=...") manifest map into @a out_package
+ * and (unless @a bindings_capacity is 0) its single AppManifestBinding, out_bindings[0].
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT a required key is missing or a value doesn't fit/validate
+ * @retval ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW @a bindings_capacity is nonzero but smaller than needed */
+error_t package_manifest_parse_v2(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, struct PackageManifest& out_package, struct AppManifestBinding* out_bindings, size_t bindings_capacity);
+
+/** Parses a V3 (flat dot-notation with 0-indexed "app.N.*" blocks) manifest map into
+ * @a out_package and up to @a bindings_capacity AppManifestBinding entries.
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT a required key is missing or a value doesn't fit/validate
+ * @retval ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW @a bindings_capacity is nonzero but smaller than the
+ * manifest's app_manifest_count */
+error_t package_manifest_parse_v3(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, struct PackageManifest& out_package, struct AppManifestBinding* out_bindings, size_t bindings_capacity);
+
+bool app_package_manifest_validate_string(const std::string& value, bool (*is_valid_char)(char));
+
+/** Convenience wrapper around app_package_manifest_parse(): parses @a path once to learn
+ * PackageManifest::app_manifest_count, then resizes @a out_bindings to fit exactly and parses
+ * again to fill it - so the caller never needs to pre-allocate a fixed maximum.
+ * @retval ERROR_NONE on success
+ * @retval ERROR_NOT_FOUND the file doesn't exist / couldn't be opened
+ * @retval ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT the file isn't a valid manifest, or a field's value doesn't fit
+ * its fixed-size buffer */
+error_t app_package_manifest_parse_into(const char* path, struct PackageManifest& out_package, std::vector<struct AppManifestBinding, tt::OptExternalAllocator<struct AppManifestBinding>>& out_bindings);

Modules/app-module/source/install.cpp

@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 #include <app/install.h>
 
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/metadata.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 
+#include <app/private/binary_path.h>
 #include <app/private/fs.h>
 #include <app/private/ledger.h>
+#include <app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h>
+
+#include <TactilityCpp/Allocator.h>
 
 #include <tactility/concurrent/mutex.h>
 #include <tactility/log.h>
@@ -29,7 +33,7 @@ constexpr auto* TAG = "app_install";
 
 namespace {
 
-// region Filesystem helpers (app-module may not depend upward on Tactility::file - see
+// region Filesystem helpers (app-module may not depend upward on Tactility::file; see
 // app_metadata_parsing.cpp for the same constraint applied to properties-file loading)
 
 std::string last_path_segment(const std::string& path) {
@@ -164,9 +168,9 @@ bool untar(const std::string& tar_path, const std::string& destination_path) {
 // endregion
 
 // region Staging-path lock: at most one caller may clean up/populate a given staging_path at a
-// time, keyed by source basename. The HTTP server and app tasks can call app_install()
+// time, keyed by source basename. The HTTP server and app tasks can call app_install_package()
-// concurrently, e.g. two uploads sharing a source basename - without this, one call's cleanup
+// concurrently, e.g. two uploads sharing a source basename; without this lock, one call's
-// can delete or overwrite the staging directory another call is still extracting into.
+// cleanup could delete or overwrite the staging directory another call is still extracting into.
 
 struct StagingLock {
     Mutex mutex {};
@@ -223,18 +227,19 @@ void release_staging_lock(const std::string& path) {
 
 // endregion
 
-// region Installed-app registry: owns the AppManifest (and its id/name/path strings) that
+// region Installed-package registry: owns the AppManifests (and their backing location-path
-// app_manager's ledger only keeps a non-owning pointer to (see app_manager_add()'s contract).
+// strings) that app_manager's ledger only keeps non-owning pointers to (see app_manager_add()'s
+// contract). AppManifest::id/name own their own storage directly (fixed arrays), so this doesn't
+// need to separately own those.
 
-struct InstalledAppRecord {
+struct InstalledPackageRecord {
-    std::string id;
+    std::string path;                     // install directory
-    std::string name;
+    std::vector<AppManifest> manifests;   // one per AppManifest the package declared
-    std::string path;
+    std::vector<std::string> locations;   // backs manifests[i].location.location, same indices
-    AppManifest manifest {};
 };
 
 struct InstallRegistry {
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<InstalledAppRecord>> apps;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<InstalledPackageRecord>> apps;
     Mutex mutex {};
 
     InstallRegistry() { mutex_construct(&mutex); }
@@ -245,46 +250,68 @@ InstallRegistry& install_registry() {
     return registry;
 }
 
-// Registers @a app_dir_path (already confirmed to hold a valid manifest.properties, parsed into
+// Registers every AppManifest in @a bindings (@a count of them) with app_manager_add(), taking
-// @a metadata) with app_manager_add(), taking ownership of its id/name/path strings.
+// ownership of their backing location strings, then registers @a package itself.
-// @warning Caller must hold install_registry().mutex, and must have already ensured
+// @warning Caller must hold install_registry().mutex.
-// @a metadata.app_id isn't already registered (app_manager_add() rejects duplicates, but the
+error_t register_installed_package_locked(const PackageManifest& package, const std::string& install_path, const AppManifestBinding* bindings, size_t count) {
-// InstalledAppRecord for the earlier registration would leak since this always inserts fresh).
-error_t register_installed_app_locked(const std::string& app_dir_path, const AppMetadata& metadata) {
     auto& registry = install_registry();
 
-    auto record = std::make_unique<InstalledAppRecord>();
+    auto record = std::make_unique<InstalledPackageRecord>();
-    record->id = metadata.app_id;
+    record->path = install_path;
-    record->name = metadata.app_name;
+    // Sized once, up front: manifests[i].location.location points into locations[i].c_str(),
-    record->path = app_dir_path;
+    // which would dangle if either vector reallocated afterward.
-    record->manifest = AppManifest {
+    record->manifests.resize(count);
-        .id = record->id.c_str(),
+    record->locations.resize(count);
-        .name = record->name.c_str(),
-        .category = APP_CATEGORY_USER,
-        .location = { APP_LOCATION_PATH, const_cast<char*>(record->path.c_str()) },
-        .flags = 0,
-        .stack = { .depth = static_cast<uint16_t>(metadata.stack_depth), .desired_memory_capability = 0 },
-    };
 
-    // Belt-and-braces: app_install()'s earlier app_manager_remove() call is meant to have
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    // already cleared any stale registration for this id (e.g. left over from
+        record->manifests[i] = bindings[i].manifest;
-    // app_manager_install_path_scan()'s separate registry), but that call happens before the
+        record->locations[i] = app_resolve_binary_path(install_path, bindings[i].binary);
-    // tarball is even extracted - remove once more, right before add, so a duplicate id can
+        record->manifests[i].location = { APP_LOCATION_PATH, const_cast<char*>(record->locations[i].c_str()) };
-    // never turn a filesystem-level install success into a reported failure.
-    app_manager_remove(record->id.c_str());
-
-    error_t add_result = app_manager_add(&record->manifest);
-    if (add_result != ERROR_NONE) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to register app '%s': %s", record->id.c_str(), error_to_string(add_result));
-        return add_result;
     }
 
-    registry.apps[record->id] = std::move(record);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        // The caller's earlier uninstall_locked() call is meant to have already cleared any stale registration for this id
+        // (e.g. left over from app_manager_install_path_scan()'s separate registry),
+        // but that call happens before the package is even extracted / the binaries moved into place; remove once more
+        // right before add, so a duplicate id can never turn a filesystem-level install success into a reported failure.
+        // Only if installed (APP_LOCATION_PATH) - never steal a built-in's id.
+        AppManifest existing {};
+        if (app_manager_find_manifest(record->manifests[i].id, &existing) == ERROR_NONE && existing.location.type == APP_LOCATION_PATH) {
+            app_manager_remove(record->manifests[i].id);
+        }
+
+        error_t add_result = app_manager_add(&record->manifests[i]);
+        if (add_result != ERROR_NONE) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to register app '%s': %s", record->manifests[i].id, error_to_string(add_result));
+            // All-or-nothing: unregister whatever this package already added before failing.
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+                app_manager_remove(record->manifests[j].id);
+            }
+            return add_result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<const char*> app_id_ptrs;
+    app_id_ptrs.reserve(count);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        app_id_ptrs.push_back(record->manifests[i].id);
+    }
+    app_manager_remove_package(package.id);
+    error_t add_package_result = app_manager_add_package(&package, app_id_ptrs.data(), app_id_ptrs.size());
+    if (add_package_result != ERROR_NONE) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to register package '%s': %s", package.id, error_to_string(add_package_result));
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            app_manager_remove(record->manifests[i].id);
+        }
+        return add_package_result;
+    }
+
+    registry.apps[package.id] = std::move(record);
     return ERROR_NONE;
 }
 
 // Stops every currently-running instance of @a manifest. Collects matching instance ids while
-// holding the ledger lock, then calls app_manager_stop() on each after releasing it - that call
+// holding the ledger lock, then calls app_manager_stop() on each after releasing it: that call
 // bound-joins the instance's thread, which must not happen while the ledger mutex (also taken by
 // the instance's own thread_main()) is held, or the two threads would deadlock each other.
 void stop_all_instances_of(const AppManifest* manifest) {
@@ -305,20 +332,22 @@ void stop_all_instances_of(const AppManifest* manifest) {
 }
 
 // Caller must already hold install_registry().mutex
-error_t uninstall_locked(const std::string& app_id) {
+error_t uninstall_locked(const std::string& package_id) {
     auto& registry = install_registry();
-    auto iterator = registry.apps.find(app_id);
+    auto iterator = registry.apps.find(package_id);
     if (iterator == registry.apps.end()) {
         return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
-    // Can't uninstall in-memory apps
+    for (const auto& manifest : iterator->second->manifests) {
-    if (iterator->second->manifest.location.type != APP_LOCATION_PATH) {
+        // Can't uninstall in-memory apps
-        return ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+        if (manifest.location.type != APP_LOCATION_PATH) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        stop_all_instances_of(&manifest);
+        app_manager_remove(manifest.id);
     }
-
+    app_manager_remove_package(package_id.c_str());
-    stop_all_instances_of(&iterator->second->manifest);
-    app_manager_remove(app_id.c_str());
     delete_recursively(iterator->second->path);
     registry.apps.erase(iterator);
 
@@ -352,7 +381,7 @@ error_t app_get_install_path(const char* app_id, char* path, size_t path_size) {
 }
 
 error_t app_install(const char* source_path) {
-    LOG_I(TAG, "Installing app from %s", source_path);
+    LOG_I(TAG, "Installing app package from %s", source_path);
 
     std::string app_parent_path;
     if (!get_app_install_directory(app_parent_path)) {
@@ -389,8 +418,9 @@ error_t app_install(const char* source_path) {
         return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
     }
 
-    AppMetadata metadata {};
+    PackageManifest package {};
-    if (app_metadata_parse(manifest_path.c_str(), &metadata) != ERROR_NONE) {
+    std::vector<AppManifestBinding, tt::OptExternalAllocator<AppManifestBinding>> app_bindings;
+    if (app_package_manifest_parse_into(manifest_path.c_str(), package, app_bindings) != ERROR_NONE) {
         LOG_E(TAG, "Install failed: invalid manifest");
         delete_recursively(staging_path);
         release_staging_lock(staging_path);
@@ -400,24 +430,13 @@ error_t app_install(const char* source_path) {
     auto& registry = install_registry();
     mutex_lock(&registry.mutex);
 
-    // Replace any previous install of this app id (mirrors the old install()'s "already
+    // Replace any previous installation of this package - this also handles the app_manager
-    // running/present" handling). uninstall_locked() only clears app_install.cpp's own
+    // registrations of its old AppManifests, so there's no separate app_manager_remove() needed
-    // registry - the same app id may instead be registered by app_manager_install_path_scan()
+    // here (register_installed_package_locked() below still defends against a stale registration
-    // (manager.cpp's separate registry, scanning this same directory tree), which
+    // per individual id, e.g. one left by app_manager_install_path_scan()'s separate registry).
-    // uninstall_locked() doesn't know about. Clear the app-manager registration unconditionally
+    uninstall_locked(package.id);
-    // too, or app_manager_add() below rejects the re-add as a duplicate.
-    uninstall_locked(metadata.app_id);
 
-    error_t remove_result = app_manager_remove(metadata.app_id);
+    auto final_path = app_parent_path + "/" + package.id;
-    if (remove_result != ERROR_NONE && remove_result != ERROR_NOT_FOUND) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Install failed: failed to remove existing installation");
-        mutex_unlock(&registry.mutex);
-        delete_recursively(staging_path);
-        release_staging_lock(staging_path);
-        return ERROR_RESOURCE;
-    }
-
-    auto final_path = app_parent_path + "/" + metadata.app_id;
     delete_recursively(final_path);
 
     if (rename(staging_path.c_str(), final_path.c_str()) != 0) {
@@ -429,9 +448,8 @@ error_t app_install(const char* source_path) {
     }
     release_staging_lock(staging_path);
 
-    // Only remaining failure mode is a duplicate id - can't happen, uninstall_locked() above
+    // app_bindings.size(), not package.app_manifest_count - the safe bound to index by.
-    // already removed any previous registration for this exact id.
+    error_t add_result = register_installed_package_locked(package, final_path, app_bindings.data(), app_bindings.size());
-    error_t add_result = register_installed_app_locked(final_path, metadata);
     mutex_unlock(&registry.mutex);
 
     return add_result;

Modules/app-module/source/manager.cpp

@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/metadata.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/private/arguments.h>
+#include <app/private/binary_path.h>
 #include <app/private/fd_table.h>
 #include <app/private/fs.h>
 #include <app/private/ledger.h>
 #include <app/private/manager_internal.h>
+#include <app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h>
 #include <app/private/scheduler.h>
 
+#include <TactilityCpp/Allocator.h>
+
 #include <tactility/concurrent/mutex.h>
 #include <tactility/error.h>
 #include <tactility/log.h>
@@ -72,6 +76,67 @@ void app_manager_for_each_manifest(AppManifestVisitorFn visitor, void* context)
     mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
 }
 
+error_t app_manager_add_package(const PackageManifest* package, const char* const* app_ids, size_t app_id_count) {
+    auto& ledger = app_ledger();
+    mutex_lock(&ledger.mutex);
+    if (ledger.packages.contains(package->id)) {
+        mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Package with id '%s' is already registered", package->id);
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    AppPackageRecord record { .package = *package };
+    record.app_ids.reserve(app_id_count);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < app_id_count; i++) {
+        record.app_ids.emplace_back(app_ids[i]);
+    }
+    ledger.packages[package->id] = std::move(record);
+    mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+error_t app_manager_remove_package(const char* package_id) {
+    auto& ledger = app_ledger();
+    mutex_lock(&ledger.mutex);
+    auto iterator = ledger.packages.find(package_id);
+    if (iterator == ledger.packages.end()) {
+        mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+        return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+    ledger.packages.erase(iterator);
+    mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+error_t app_manager_find_package(const char* package_id, PackageManifest* out_package) {
+    auto& ledger = app_ledger();
+    mutex_lock(&ledger.mutex);
+    auto iterator = ledger.packages.find(package_id);
+    if (iterator == ledger.packages.end()) {
+        mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+        return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+    *out_package = iterator->second.package;
+    mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+void app_manager_for_each_package(AppPackageVisitorFn visitor, void* context) {
+    auto& ledger = app_ledger();
+    mutex_lock(&ledger.mutex);
+    for (auto& [id, record] : ledger.packages) {
+        std::vector<const char*> app_id_ptrs;
+        app_id_ptrs.reserve(record.app_ids.size());
+        for (const auto& app_id : record.app_ids) {
+            app_id_ptrs.push_back(app_id.c_str());
+        }
+        AppPackage pkg { .package = record.package, .app_id_count = app_id_ptrs.size(), .app_ids = app_id_ptrs.data() };
+        visitor(&pkg, context);
+    }
+    mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
+}
+
 error_t app_manager_start_internal(const AppManifest* manifest, AppLocation location, AppStackConfig stack, AppInstanceId parent_instance_id, int argc, const char* const argv_in[], const AppStreamBinding* bindings, size_t binding_count, AppInstanceId* out_app_instance_id) {
     char** argv = app_arguments_copy(argc, argv_in);
     if (argc > 0 && argv == nullptr) {
@@ -200,19 +265,19 @@ error_t app_manager_get_topmost_app_id(char* buffer, size_t buffer_size) {
 
 namespace {
 
-// Owns the AppManifest (and its id/name/path strings) that app_manager_add() only keeps a
+// Owns the AppManifests (and their backing location-path strings) that app_manager_add() only
-// non-owning pointer to. Separate from app_install.cpp's registry: scanning only
+// keeps non-owning pointers to. Separate from app_install.cpp's registry: scanning only
-// adds/removes registrations, never touches disk or running instances.
+// adds/removes registrations, never touches disk or running instances. AppManifest::id/name own
-struct ScannedAppManifest {
+// their own storage directly (fixed arrays), so this doesn't need to separately own those.
-    std::string id;
+struct ScannedPackageManifest {
-    std::string name;
+    std::string path;                     // scanned directory
-    std::string path;
+    std::vector<AppManifest> manifests;   // one per AppManifest the package declared
-    AppManifest manifest {};
+    std::vector<std::string> locations;   // backs manifests[i].location.location, same indices
 };
 
 struct InstallPathRegistry {
     std::vector<std::string> paths;
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<ScannedAppManifest>> scanned;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<ScannedPackageManifest>> scanned;
     Mutex mutex {};
 
     InstallPathRegistry() { mutex_construct(&mutex); }
@@ -249,50 +314,69 @@ void app_manager_install_path_scan(void) {
         app_fs_list_direct_subdirectories(root, found_app_dirs);
     }
 
-    // Snapshot once so the rest of the scan doesn't hold registry.mutex.
+    // Snapshot once so the rest of the scan doesn't hold registry.mutex. Keeps each known
+    // package's own manifest ids too, so a package whose directory has disappeared can have all
+    // of its (possibly several) app_manager registrations removed below, not just one.
+    struct KnownPackage {
+        std::string path;
+        std::vector<std::string> manifest_ids;
+    };
     mutex_lock(&registry.mutex);
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> known_paths;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, KnownPackage> known_packages;
     for (const auto& [id, record] : registry.scanned) {
-        known_paths.emplace(id, record->path);
+        KnownPackage known { .path = record->path };
+        for (const auto& manifest : record->manifests) {
+            known.manifest_ids.emplace_back(manifest.id);
+        }
+        known_packages.emplace(id, std::move(known));
     }
     mutex_unlock(&registry.mutex);
 
     // Parses without registry.mutex held; filesystem IO is slow.
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ScannedAppManifest>> new_records;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ScannedPackageManifest>> new_records;
+    std::vector<std::string> new_package_ids;
+    std::vector<PackageManifest> new_packages;
     for (const auto& app_dir : found_app_dirs) {
         auto manifest_path = app_dir + "/manifest.properties";
         if (!app_fs_is_file(manifest_path)) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        AppMetadata metadata {};
+        PackageManifest package {};
-        if (app_metadata_parse(manifest_path.c_str(), &metadata) != ERROR_NONE) {
+        // Heap-allocated (not a stack array - too large for a typical app task's stack; this
+        // function runs on whichever task calls app_manager_install_path_scan(), e.g. Boot's, via
+        // registerInstalledAppsFromFileSystems()) and sized to fit exactly, not pre-allocated to
+        // some fixed maximum (see app_package_manifest_parse_into()). OptExternalAllocator prefers
+        // PSRAM for this transient buffer, freeing up scarce internal RAM.
+        std::vector<AppManifestBinding, tt::OptExternalAllocator<AppManifestBinding>> app_bindings;
+        if (app_package_manifest_parse_into(manifest_path.c_str(), package, app_bindings) != ERROR_NONE) {
             LOG_W(TAG, "Invalid manifest at %s", manifest_path.c_str());
             continue;
         }
 
-        if (known_paths.contains(metadata.app_id)) {
+        if (known_packages.contains(package.id)) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        auto record = std::make_unique<ScannedAppManifest>();
+        auto record = std::make_unique<ScannedPackageManifest>();
-        record->id = metadata.app_id;
-        record->name = metadata.app_name;
         record->path = app_dir;
-        record->manifest = AppManifest {
+        // Sized once, up front: manifests[i].location.location points into locations[i].c_str(),
-            .id = record->id.c_str(),
+        // which would dangle if either vector reallocated afterward.
-            .name = record->name.c_str(),
+        record->manifests.resize(app_bindings.size());
-            .category = APP_CATEGORY_USER,
+        record->locations.resize(app_bindings.size());
-            .location = { APP_LOCATION_PATH, const_cast<char*>(record->path.c_str()) },
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < app_bindings.size(); i++) {
-            .flags = 0,
+            record->manifests[i] = app_bindings[i].manifest;
-            .stack = { .depth = static_cast<uint16_t>(metadata.stack_depth), .desired_memory_capability = 0 },
+            record->locations[i] = app_resolve_binary_path(app_dir, app_bindings[i].binary);
-        };
+            record->manifests[i].location = { APP_LOCATION_PATH, const_cast<char*>(record->locations[i].c_str()) };
+        }
+        new_package_ids.emplace_back(package.id);
+        new_packages.push_back(package);
         new_records.push_back(std::move(record));
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> missing_ids;
-    for (const auto& [id, path] : known_paths) {
+    for (const auto& [id, known] : known_packages) {
-        if (!app_fs_is_directory(path)) {
+        if (!app_fs_is_directory(known.path)) {
             missing_ids.push_back(id);
         }
     }
@@ -301,23 +385,60 @@ void app_manager_install_path_scan(void) {
     // registry.mutex would fix a lock order an opposite-order caller could deadlock against.
     // registry.mutex is retaken afterward only to publish the in-memory results.
     for (const auto& id : missing_ids) {
-        app_manager_remove(id.c_str());
+        for (const auto& manifest_id : known_packages.at(id).manifest_ids) {
-    }
+            app_manager_remove(manifest_id.c_str());
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ScannedAppManifest>> added_records;
-    for (auto& record : new_records) {
-        if (app_manager_add(&record->manifest) == ERROR_NONE) {
-            added_records.push_back(std::move(record));
-        } else {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to register app %s (duplicate id?)", record->id.c_str());
         }
+        app_manager_remove_package(id.c_str());
+    }
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ScannedPackageManifest>> added_records;
+    std::vector<std::string> added_package_ids;
+    for (size_t r = 0; r < new_records.size(); r++) {
+        auto& record = new_records[r];
+
+        // known_packages is only a pre-scan snapshot - two new directories can still share an id.
+        if (std::ranges::find(added_package_ids, new_package_ids[r]) != added_package_ids.end()) {
+            LOG_W(TAG, "Skipping duplicate package id %s found in this scan", new_package_ids[r].c_str());
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        size_t added_count = 0;
+        for (; added_count < record->manifests.size(); added_count++) {
+            if (app_manager_add(&record->manifests[added_count]) != ERROR_NONE) {
+                LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to register app %s (duplicate id?)", record->manifests[added_count].id);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (added_count != record->manifests.size()) {
+            // All-or-nothing: unregister whatever this package already added before failing.
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < added_count; j++) {
+                app_manager_remove(record->manifests[j].id);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<const char*> app_id_ptrs;
+        app_id_ptrs.reserve(record->manifests.size());
+        for (const auto& app_manifest : record->manifests) {
+            app_id_ptrs.push_back(app_manifest.id);
+        }
+        if (app_manager_add_package(&new_packages[r], app_id_ptrs.data(), app_id_ptrs.size()) != ERROR_NONE) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to register package %s (duplicate id?)", new_packages[r].id);
+            for (const auto& app_manifest : record->manifests) {
+                app_manager_remove(app_manifest.id);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        added_package_ids.push_back(new_package_ids[r]);
+        added_records.push_back(std::move(record));
     }
 
     mutex_lock(&registry.mutex);
     for (const auto& id : missing_ids) {
         registry.scanned.erase(id);
     }
-    for (auto& record : added_records) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < added_records.size(); i++) {
-        registry.scanned[record->id] = std::move(record);
+        registry.scanned[added_package_ids[i]] = std::move(added_records[i]);
     }
     mutex_unlock(&registry.mutex);
 }
@@ -332,7 +453,10 @@ error_t app_manager_install_path_uninstall(const char* app_id) {
         return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
-    const AppManifest* manifest = &iterator->second->manifest;
+    // Pointer, not a copy: the ledger's own AppInstanceRecord::manifest pointers (set by
+    // app_manager_add() from this exact vector) are compared against it by address below, same
+    // as the pre-existing single-manifest version of this function did.
+    const std::vector<AppManifest>* manifests = &iterator->second->manifests;
     auto path = iterator->second->path;
     mutex_unlock(&registry.mutex);
 
@@ -342,8 +466,11 @@ error_t app_manager_install_path_uninstall(const char* app_id) {
     auto& ledger = app_ledger();
     mutex_lock(&ledger.mutex);
     for (const auto& [id, record] : ledger.instances) {
-        if (record.manifest == manifest) {
+        for (const auto& manifest : *manifests) {
-            instance_ids.push_back(id);
+            if (record.manifest == &manifest) {
+                instance_ids.push_back(id);
+                break;
+            }
         }
     }
     mutex_unlock(&ledger.mutex);
@@ -354,7 +481,10 @@ error_t app_manager_install_path_uninstall(const char* app_id) {
 
     // app_manager_remove() takes ledger.mutex; call outside registry.mutex too, matching
     // the lock order in app_manager_install_path_scan().
-    app_manager_remove(app_id);
+    for (const auto& manifest : *manifests) {
+        app_manager_remove(manifest.id);
+    }
+    app_manager_remove_package(app_id);
 
     // Delete before erasing the scan record, so a failed deletion still leaves the
     // entry discoverable for a retry.

Modules/app-module/source/manifest.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,30 @@
 #include <app/manifest.h>
-#include <app/private/metadata_parsing_internal.h>
+#include <app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 extern "C" {
 
-bool app_id_is_valid(const char* id) {
+bool app_manifest_id_is_valid(const char* id) {
     auto size = strlen(id);
-    return size >= 5 && size <= APP_ID_LENGTH && app_metadata_validate_string(id, [](char c) {
+    return size >= 5 && size <= APP_MANIFEST_ID_LENGTH && app_package_manifest_validate_string(id, [](char c) {
         return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '.';
     });
 }
 
+bool app_manifest_name_is_valid(const char* name) {
+    auto size = strlen(name);
+    return size >= 2 && size <= APP_MANIFEST_NAME_LENGTH && app_package_manifest_validate_string(name, [](char c) {
+        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == ' ' || c == '-';
+    });
+}
+
+bool app_manifest_stack_size_is_valid(const char* value) {
+    // 10 digits is the maximum decimal width of uint32_t.
+    auto size = strlen(value);
+    return size > 0 && size <= 10 && app_package_manifest_validate_string(value, [](char c) {
+        return std::isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0;
+    });
+}
+
 }

Modules/app-module/source/metadata_parsing.cpp

@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-#include <app/metadata.h>
-#include <app/private/metadata_parsing_internal.h>
-
-#include <tactility/log.h>
-
-#include <cctype>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <map>
-#include <string>
-
-constexpr auto* TAG = "app_metadata";
-
-bool app_metadata_validate_string(const std::string& value, bool (*is_valid_char)(char)) {
-    for (char c: value) {
-        if (!is_valid_char(c)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-#define validate_string app_metadata_validate_string
-
-std::string trim(const std::string& value) {
-    constexpr auto* whitespace = " \t\r\n";
-    auto start = value.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
-    if (start == std::string::npos) {
-        return "";
-    }
-    auto end = value.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
-    return value.substr(start, end - start + 1);
-}
-
-/** Validates a comma-separated list: non-empty, no leading/trailing/double commas (which would
- * produce an empty item), and every item passing @a is_valid_item. */
-bool validate_csv_list(const std::string& value, bool (*is_valid_item)(const std::string&)) {
-    if (value.empty()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    size_t start = 0;
-    while (true) {
-        auto comma = value.find(',', start);
-        auto end = comma == std::string::npos ? value.size() : comma;
-        if (end == start || !is_valid_item(value.substr(start, end - start))) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (comma == std::string::npos) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        start = comma + 1;
-    }
-}
-
-/** manifest.properties format: "key=value" lines, "[section]" lines prefix every following key
- * until the next section, "#" lines are comments, blank lines are skipped. Deliberately a local,
- * minimal re-implementation rather than depending on Tactility's file::loadPropertiesFile() -
- * app-module (like every other kernel module) may not depend upward on the Tactility layer. */
-bool load_properties(const std::string& path, std::map<std::string, std::string>& out_properties, std::string& out_first_line) {
-    std::ifstream file(path);
-    if (!file.is_open()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string line;
-    std::string section_prefix;
-    bool got_first_line = false;
-    while (std::getline(file, line)) {
-        auto trimmed_line = trim(line);
-
-        if (trimmed_line.empty() || trimmed_line.starts_with("#")) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (!got_first_line) {
-            out_first_line = trimmed_line;
-            got_first_line = true;
-        }
-
-        if (trimmed_line.starts_with("[")) {
-            section_prefix = trimmed_line;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        auto separator_index = trimmed_line.find('=');
-        if (separator_index == std::string::npos) {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to parse manifest line (skipped): %s", trimmed_line.c_str());
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        auto key = section_prefix + trim(trimmed_line.substr(0, separator_index));
-        auto value = trim(trimmed_line.substr(separator_index + 1));
-        out_properties[key] = value;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-bool app_metadata_get_value(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, const std::string& key, std::string& out_value) {
-    const auto iterator = properties.find(key);
-    if (iterator == properties.end()) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to find %s in manifest", key.c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
-    out_value = iterator->second;
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_format_version(const std::string& version) {
-    return !version.empty() && validate_string(version, [](char c) {
-        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '.';
-    });
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_name(const std::string& name) {
-    return name.size() >= 2 && name.size() <= APP_METADATA_APP_NAME_LENGTH && validate_string(name, [](char c) {
-        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == ' ' || c == '-';
-    });
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_version_name(const std::string& version) {
-    return !version.empty() && version.size() <= APP_METADATA_APP_VERSION_NAME_LENGTH && validate_string(version, [](char c) {
-        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '.' || c == '-' || c == '_';
-    });
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_version_code(const std::string& version) {
-    // 20 digits is the maximum decimal width of uint64_t.
-    return !version.empty() && version.size() <= 20 && validate_string(version, [](char c) {
-        return std::isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0;
-    });
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_stack_size(const std::string& value) {
-    // 10 digits is the maximum decimal width of uint32_t.
-    return !value.empty() && value.size() <= 10 && validate_string(value, [](char c) {
-        return std::isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0;
-    });
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_is_valid_device_id_list(const std::string& value) {
-    return validate_csv_list(value, [](const std::string& item) {
-        bool has_alnum = false;
-        for (char c: item) {
-            if (std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0) {
-                has_alnum = true;
-            } else if (c != '-') {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        return has_alnum;
-    });
-}
-
-bool app_metadata_copy_bounded(char* dest, size_t dest_size, const std::string& value) {
-    if (value.size() >= dest_size) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    memcpy(dest, value.c_str(), value.size() + 1);
-    return true;
-}
-
-error_t app_metadata_parse(const char* path, struct AppMetadata* out_metadata) {
-    LOG_I(TAG, "Parsing manifest %s", path);
-
-    // requires_device_id is optional in V2 and unwritten by V1; zeroing here (rather than relying
-    // on the caller) guarantees it reads back as empty ("unrestricted") either way.
-    *out_metadata = {};
-
-    std::map<std::string, std::string> properties;
-    std::string first_line;
-    if (!load_properties(path, properties, first_line)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to load manifest at %s", path);
-        return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
-    // The V1 format's first line is always the literal "[manifest]" section header; V2 files are
-    // flat from the first line onward.
-    bool is_v1_format = first_line == "[manifest]";
-    bool success = is_v1_format
-        ? app_metadata_parse_v1(properties, *out_metadata)
-        : app_metadata_parse_v2(properties, *out_metadata);
-
-    return success ? ERROR_NONE : ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
-}

Modules/app-module/source/metadata_parsing_v1.cpp

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-#include "app/manifest.h"
-
-
-#include <app/metadata.h>
-#include <app/private/metadata_parsing_internal.h>
-
-#include <charconv>
-
-#include <tactility/log.h>
-
-constexpr auto* TAG = "app_metadata_v1";
-
-bool app_metadata_parse_v1(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, AppMetadata& out_metadata) {
-    // [manifest]
-    LOG_W(TAG, "This manifest version is deprecated. Replace it with the newer version.");
-
-    std::string format_version;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "[manifest]version", format_version)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_format_version(format_version)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid version");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // [app]
-
-    std::string id;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "[app]id", id)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_id_is_valid(id.c_str())) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app id");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.app_id, sizeof(out_metadata.app_id), id)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App id too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string name;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "[app]name", name)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_name(name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app name");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.app_name, sizeof(out_metadata.app_name), name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App name too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string version_name;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "[app]versionName", version_name)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_version_name(version_name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app version name");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.app_version_name, sizeof(out_metadata.app_version_name), version_name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App version name too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string version_code_string;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "[app]versionCode", version_code_string)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_version_code(version_code_string)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app version code");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t version_code = 0;
-    const auto* first = version_code_string.data();
-    const auto* last = first + version_code_string.size();
-    if (std::from_chars(first, last, version_code).ec != std::errc {}) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App version code out of range");
-        return false;
-    }
-    out_metadata.app_version_code = version_code;    // [target]
-
-    std::string target_sdk;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "[target]sdk", target_sdk)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.target_sdk, sizeof(out_metadata.target_sdk), target_sdk)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Target sdk too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    out_metadata.stack_depth = 0;
-
-    return true;
-}

Modules/app-module/source/metadata_parsing_v2.cpp

@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
-#include "app/manifest.h"
-
-
-#include <app/metadata.h>
-#include <app/private/metadata_parsing_internal.h>
-
-#include <charconv>
-
-#include <tactility/log.h>
-
-constexpr auto* TAG = "app_metadata_v2";
-
-bool app_metadata_parse_v2(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, AppMetadata& out_metadata) {
-    // manifest
-
-    std::string format_version;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "manifest.version", format_version)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_format_version(format_version)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid version");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // app
-
-    std::string id;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "app.id", id)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_id_is_valid(id.c_str())) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app id");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.app_id, sizeof(out_metadata.app_id), id)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App id too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string name;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "app.name", name)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_name(name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app name");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.app_name, sizeof(out_metadata.app_name), name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App name too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string version_name;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "app.version.name", version_name)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_version_name(version_name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app version name");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.app_version_name, sizeof(out_metadata.app_version_name), version_name)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App version name too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    std::string version_code_string;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "app.version.code", version_code_string)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_is_valid_version_code(version_code_string)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app version code");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t version_code = 0;
-    const auto* first = version_code_string.data();
-    const auto* last = first + version_code_string.size();
-    if (std::from_chars(first, last, version_code).ec != std::errc {}) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "App version code out of range");
-        return false;
-    }
-    out_metadata.app_version_code = version_code; // [target]
-
-    // target
-
-    std::string target_sdk;
-    if (!app_metadata_get_value(properties, "target.sdk", target_sdk)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.target_sdk, sizeof(out_metadata.target_sdk), target_sdk)) {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Target sdk too long");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // requires.device.id (optional; if present, must be a non-empty comma-separated list)
-
-    auto device_id_iterator = properties.find("requires.device.id");
-    if (device_id_iterator != properties.end()) {
-        const std::string& device_id = device_id_iterator->second;
-        if (!app_metadata_is_valid_device_id_list(device_id)) {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid requires.device.id");
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (!app_metadata_copy_bounded(out_metadata.requires_device_id, sizeof(out_metadata.requires_device_id), device_id)) {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "requires.device.id too long");
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // app.stack.depth (optional; if present, must be a valid unsigned decimal fitting uint32_t)
-
-    auto stack_size_iterator = properties.find("app.stack.depth");
-    if (stack_size_iterator != properties.end()) {
-        const std::string& stack_size_string = stack_size_iterator->second;
-        if (!app_metadata_is_valid_stack_size(stack_size_string)) {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app.stack.depth");
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        uint32_t stack_size = 0;
-        const auto* stack_size_first = stack_size_string.data();
-        const auto* stack_size_last = stack_size_first + stack_size_string.size();
-        if (std::from_chars(stack_size_first, stack_size_last, stack_size).ec != std::errc {}) {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "App stack depth out of range");
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // Reject outright rather than truncating/clamping into AppStackConfig::depth (uint16_t) -
-        // a value like 1073741825 would otherwise silently narrow to 1, handing the app a
-        // catastrophically undersized stack instead of the huge one it declared.
-        if (stack_size > APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX) {
-            LOG_E(TAG, "App stack depth %u exceeds APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX(%u)", stack_size, APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX);
-            return false;
-        }
-        out_metadata.stack_depth = stack_size;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}

Modules/app-module/source/module.cpp

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <app/io.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
-#include <app/metadata.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/paths.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
 #include <app/start.h>
@@ -47,20 +47,21 @@ static const ModuleSymbol SYMBOLS[] = {
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_for_each_manifest),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_add),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_remove),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_add_package),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_remove_package),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_find_package),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_for_each_package),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_get_topmost_instance_id),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_get_topmost_app_id),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_install_path_add),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_install_path_scan),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manager_install_path_uninstall),
-    // app/start
-    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start),
-    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start_for_result),
-    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start_with_streams),
-    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start_for_result_with_streams),
     // app/manifest
-    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_id_is_valid),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manifest_id_is_valid),
-    // app/metadata
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manifest_name_is_valid),
-    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_metadata_parse),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_manifest_stack_size_is_valid),
+    // app/package_manifest
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_package_manifest_parse),
     // app/paths
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_paths_get_user_data_directory),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_paths_get_user_data_path),
@@ -68,6 +69,11 @@ static const ModuleSymbol SYMBOLS[] = {
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_paths_get_assets_path),
     // app/scheduler
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_scheduler_current_app_id),
+    // app/start
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start_for_result),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start_with_streams),
+    DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_start_for_result_with_streams),
     // app/stream
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_stream_subscribe),
     DEFINE_MODULE_SYMBOL(app_stream_unsubscribe),

Modules/app-module/source/package_manifest_parsing.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
+#include <app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h>
+
+#include <tactility/log.h>
+
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+
+constexpr auto* TAG = "app_metadata";
+
+bool app_package_manifest_validate_string(const std::string& value, bool (*is_valid_char)(char)) {
+    for (char c: value) {
+        if (!is_valid_char(c)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+#define validate_string app_package_manifest_validate_string
+
+std::string trim(const std::string& value) {
+    constexpr auto* whitespace = " \t\r\n";
+    auto start = value.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
+    if (start == std::string::npos) {
+        return "";
+    }
+    auto end = value.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
+    return value.substr(start, end - start + 1);
+}
+
+/** Validates a comma-separated list: non-empty, no leading/trailing/double commas (which would
+ * produce an empty item), and every item passing @a is_valid_item. */
+bool validate_csv_list(const std::string& value, bool (*is_valid_item)(const std::string&)) {
+    if (value.empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    size_t start = 0;
+    while (true) {
+        auto comma = value.find(',', start);
+        auto end = comma == std::string::npos ? value.size() : comma;
+        if (end == start || !is_valid_item(value.substr(start, end - start))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (comma == std::string::npos) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        start = comma + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/** manifest.properties format: flat "key=value" lines, "#" lines are comments, blank lines are
+ * skipped. Deliberately a local, minimal re-implementation rather than depending on Tactility's
+ * file::loadPropertiesFile() - app-module (like every other kernel module) may not depend upward
+ * on the Tactility layer. */
+bool load_properties(const std::string& path, std::map<std::string, std::string>& out_properties) {
+    std::ifstream file(path);
+    if (!file.is_open()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string line;
+    while (std::getline(file, line)) {
+        auto trimmed_line = trim(line);
+
+        if (trimmed_line.empty() || trimmed_line.starts_with("#")) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        auto separator_index = trimmed_line.find('=');
+        if (separator_index == std::string::npos) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to parse manifest line (skipped): %s", trimmed_line.c_str());
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        auto key = trim(trimmed_line.substr(0, separator_index));
+        auto value = trim(trimmed_line.substr(separator_index + 1));
+        out_properties[key] = value;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+bool app_package_manifest_get_value(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, const std::string& key, std::string& out_value) {
+    const auto iterator = properties.find(key);
+    if (iterator == properties.end()) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to find %s in manifest", key.c_str());
+        return false;
+    }
+    out_value = iterator->second;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_format_version(const std::string& version) {
+    return !version.empty() && validate_string(version, [](char c) {
+        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '.';
+    });
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_name(const std::string& version) {
+    return !version.empty() && version.size() <= PACKAGE_MANIFEST_VERSION_NAME_LENGTH && validate_string(version, [](char c) {
+        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '.' || c == '-' || c == '_';
+    });
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_code(const std::string& version) {
+    // 20 digits is the maximum decimal width of uint64_t.
+    return !version.empty() && version.size() <= 20 && validate_string(version, [](char c) {
+        return std::isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0;
+    });
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_bool(const std::string& value) {
+    return value == "true" || value == "false";
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_device_id_list(const std::string& value) {
+    return validate_csv_list(value, [](const std::string& item) {
+        bool has_alnum = false;
+        for (char c: item) {
+            if (std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0) {
+                has_alnum = true;
+            } else if (c != '-') {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return has_alnum;
+    });
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_is_valid_binary_name(const std::string& value) {
+    return !value.empty() && value.size() <= APP_MANIFEST_BINARY_LENGTH && validate_string(value, [](char c) {
+        return std::isalnum(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)) != 0 || c == '.' || c == '_' || c == '-';
+    });
+}
+
+bool app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(char* dest, size_t dest_size, const std::string& value) {
+    if (value.size() >= dest_size) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    memcpy(dest, value.c_str(), value.size() + 1);
+    return true;
+}
+
+error_t app_package_manifest_parse(const char* path, struct PackageManifest* out_package, struct AppManifestBinding* out_bindings, size_t bindings_capacity) {
+    LOG_I(TAG, "Parsing manifest %s", path);
+
+    // requires_device_id is optional; zeroing here (rather than relying on the caller) guarantees
+    // it reads back as empty ("unrestricted") when the manifest omits it.
+    *out_package = {};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < bindings_capacity; i++) {
+        out_bindings[i] = {};
+    }
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> properties;
+    if (!load_properties(path, properties)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Failed to load manifest at %s", path);
+        return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    std::string format_version;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "manifest.version", format_version)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (format_version == "0.2") {
+        return package_manifest_parse_v2(properties, *out_package, out_bindings, bindings_capacity);
+    } else if (format_version == "0.3") {
+        return package_manifest_parse_v3(properties, *out_package, out_bindings, bindings_capacity);
+    } else {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Unsupported manifest.version: %s", format_version.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+}
+
+error_t app_package_manifest_parse_into(const char* path, PackageManifest& out_package, std::vector<AppManifestBinding, tt::OptExternalAllocator<AppManifestBinding>>& out_bindings) {
+    error_t result = app_package_manifest_parse(path, &out_package, nullptr, 0);
+    if (result != ERROR_NONE) {
+        return result;
+    }
+    out_bindings.resize(out_package.app_manifest_count);
+    result = app_package_manifest_parse(path, &out_package, out_bindings.data(), out_bindings.size());
+    if (result != ERROR_NONE) {
+        return result;
+    }
+    // Manifest could have changed between the two parses above.
+    if (out_package.app_manifest_count != out_bindings.size()) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Manifest at %s changed while being parsed", path);
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}

Modules/app-module/source/package_manifest_parsing_v2.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#include "app/manifest.h"
+
+
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
+#include <app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h>
+
+#include <charconv>
+
+#include <tactility/log.h>
+
+constexpr auto* TAG = "app_metadata_v2";
+
+error_t package_manifest_parse_v2(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, PackageManifest& out_package, AppManifestBinding* out_bindings, size_t bindings_capacity) {
+    // manifest
+
+    std::string format_version;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "manifest.version", format_version)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_format_version(format_version)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid version");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    // app
+
+    std::string id;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "app.id", id)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_manifest_id_is_valid(id.c_str())) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app id");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.id, sizeof(out_package.id), id)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "App id too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string name;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "app.name", name)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_manifest_name_is_valid(name.c_str())) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app name");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string version_name;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "app.version.name", version_name)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_name(version_name)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app version name");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.version_name, sizeof(out_package.version_name), version_name)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "App version name too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string version_code_string;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "app.version.code", version_code_string)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_code(version_code_string)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app version code");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t version_code = 0;
+    const auto* first = version_code_string.data();
+    const auto* last = first + version_code_string.size();
+    if (std::from_chars(first, last, version_code).ec != std::errc {}) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "App version code out of range");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    out_package.version_code = version_code;
+
+    // target
+
+    std::string target_sdk;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "target.sdk", target_sdk)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.target_sdk, sizeof(out_package.target_sdk), target_sdk)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Target sdk too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    // requires.device.id (optional; if present, must be a non-empty comma-separated list)
+
+    auto device_id_iterator = properties.find("requires.device.id");
+    if (device_id_iterator != properties.end()) {
+        const std::string& device_id = device_id_iterator->second;
+        if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_device_id_list(device_id)) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid requires.device.id");
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.requires_device_id, sizeof(out_package.requires_device_id), device_id)) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "requires.device.id too long");
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // A v2 manifest always describes exactly one app, sharing the package's own id.
+    out_package.app_manifest_count = 1;
+    if (bindings_capacity == 0) {
+        return ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+
+    AppManifestBinding& binding = out_bindings[0];
+    AppManifest& manifest = binding.manifest;
+
+    // v2 predates the "binary" key - the single app always installs as bin/<platform>/app.{elf,so}.
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(binding.binary, sizeof(binding.binary), "app")) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Binary name too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(manifest.id, sizeof(manifest.id), id)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "App id too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(manifest.name, sizeof(manifest.name), name)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "App name too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    // app.stack.depth (optional; if present, must be a valid unsigned decimal fitting uint32_t)
+
+    auto stack_size_iterator = properties.find("app.stack.depth");
+    if (stack_size_iterator != properties.end()) {
+        const std::string& stack_size_string = stack_size_iterator->second;
+        if (!app_manifest_stack_size_is_valid(stack_size_string.c_str())) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid app.stack.depth");
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t stack_size = 0;
+        const auto* stack_size_first = stack_size_string.data();
+        const auto* stack_size_last = stack_size_first + stack_size_string.size();
+        if (std::from_chars(stack_size_first, stack_size_last, stack_size).ec != std::errc {}) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "App stack depth out of range");
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        // Reject outright rather than truncating/clamping into AppStackConfig::depth (uint16_t) -
+        // a value like 1073741825 would otherwise silently narrow to 1, handing the app a
+        // catastrophically undersized stack instead of the huge one it declared.
+        if (stack_size > APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "App stack depth %u exceeds APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX(%u)", stack_size, APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX);
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        manifest.stack.depth = static_cast<uint16_t>(stack_size);
+    }
+
+    // v2 predates per-app visibility - always visible.
+    manifest.flags = 0;
+    manifest.category = APP_CATEGORY_USER;
+
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}

Modules/app-module/source/package_manifest_parsing_v3.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#include "app/manifest.h"
+
+
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
+#include <app/private/package_manifest_parsing.h>
+
+#include <charconv>
+#include <format>
+#include <optional>
+
+#include <tactility/log.h>
+
+constexpr auto* TAG = "app_metadata_v3";
+
+namespace {
+
+// Numeric index out of an "app.<index>.<rest>" key, or nullopt if it doesn't match that shape.
+std::optional<size_t> parse_app_key_index(const std::string& key) {
+    constexpr auto* prefix = "app.";
+    constexpr size_t prefix_len = 4;
+    if (!key.starts_with(prefix)) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    auto dot = key.find('.', prefix_len);
+    if (dot == std::string::npos || dot == prefix_len) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    size_t index = 0;
+    const auto* first = key.data() + prefix_len;
+    const auto* last = key.data() + dot;
+    auto result = std::from_chars(first, last, index);
+    if (result.ec != std::errc {} || result.ptr != last) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return index;
+}
+
+// Parses one "app.<index>.*" block into @a out_binding.
+error_t parse_app_manifest(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, size_t index, AppManifestBinding& out_binding) {
+    auto prefix = std::format("app.{}.", index);
+    AppManifest& out_manifest = out_binding.manifest;
+
+    std::string id;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, prefix + "id", id)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_manifest_id_is_valid(id.c_str())) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid %sid", prefix.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_manifest.id, sizeof(out_manifest.id), id)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "%sid too long", prefix.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string binary;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, prefix + "binary", binary)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_binary_name(binary)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid %sbinary", prefix.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    // Filename (without extension) this app installs as under bin/<platform>/ - see
+    // app_package_manifest_parse()'s own doc.
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_binding.binary, sizeof(out_binding.binary), binary)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "%sbinary too long", prefix.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string name;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, prefix + "name", name)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_manifest_name_is_valid(name.c_str())) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid %sname", prefix.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_manifest.name, sizeof(out_manifest.name), name)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "%sname too long", prefix.c_str());
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    // <index>.stack.depth (optional; if present, must be a valid unsigned decimal fitting uint32_t)
+    auto stack_size_iterator = properties.find(prefix + "stack.depth");
+    if (stack_size_iterator != properties.end()) {
+        const std::string& stack_size_string = stack_size_iterator->second;
+        if (!app_manifest_stack_size_is_valid(stack_size_string.c_str())) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid %sstack.depth", prefix.c_str());
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t stack_size = 0;
+        const auto* first = stack_size_string.data();
+        const auto* last = first + stack_size_string.size();
+        if (std::from_chars(first, last, stack_size).ec != std::errc {}) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "%sstack.depth out of range", prefix.c_str());
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        // Reject outright rather than truncating/clamping into AppStackConfig::depth (uint16_t) -
+        // a value like 1073741825 would otherwise silently narrow to 1, handing the app a
+        // catastrophically undersized stack instead of the huge one it declared.
+        if (stack_size > APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "%sstack.depth %u exceeds APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX(%u)", prefix.c_str(), stack_size, APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX);
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        out_manifest.stack.depth = static_cast<uint16_t>(stack_size);
+    }
+
+    // <index>.hidden (optional; defaults to false)
+    auto hidden_iterator = properties.find(prefix + "hidden");
+    if (hidden_iterator != properties.end()) {
+        if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_bool(hidden_iterator->second)) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid %shidden", prefix.c_str());
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        out_manifest.flags = hidden_iterator->second == "true" ? APP_MANIFEST_FLAG_HIDDEN : 0;
+    }
+
+    out_manifest.category = APP_CATEGORY_USER;
+
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+error_t package_manifest_parse_v3(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& properties, PackageManifest& out_package, AppManifestBinding* out_bindings, size_t bindings_capacity) {
+    // package-level fields: bare keys, no "app." prefix (that's reserved for the app.<index>.*
+    // blocks below).
+
+    std::string id;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "id", id)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_manifest_id_is_valid(id.c_str())) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid id");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.id, sizeof(out_package.id), id)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "id too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string version_name;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "version.name", version_name)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_name(version_name)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid version.name");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.version_name, sizeof(out_package.version_name), version_name)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "version.name too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    std::string version_code_string;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "version.code", version_code_string)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_version_code(version_code_string)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid version.code");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    uint64_t version_code = 0;
+    const auto* first = version_code_string.data();
+    const auto* last = first + version_code_string.size();
+    if (std::from_chars(first, last, version_code).ec != std::errc {}) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "version.code out of range");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    out_package.version_code = version_code;
+
+    std::string target_sdk;
+    if (!app_package_manifest_get_value(properties, "target.sdk", target_sdk)) {
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.target_sdk, sizeof(out_package.target_sdk), target_sdk)) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "target.sdk too long");
+        return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+
+    auto device_id_iterator = properties.find("requires.device.id");
+    if (device_id_iterator != properties.end()) {
+        const std::string& device_id = device_id_iterator->second;
+        if (!app_package_manifest_is_valid_device_id_list(device_id)) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Invalid requires.device.id");
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+        if (!app_package_manifest_copy_bounded(out_package.requires_device_id, sizeof(out_package.requires_device_id), device_id)) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "requires.device.id too long");
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // app.<index>.* blocks: 0-indexed, contiguous - the first missing "app.<index>.id" ends the list.
+    size_t count = 0;
+    while (properties.contains(std::format("app.{}.id", count))) {
+        count++;
+        // Bounded here, not just against the caller's bindings_capacity below: a caller that
+        // sizes its own buffer off PackageManifest::app_manifest_count (see
+        // app_package_manifest_parse_into()) would otherwise let a malicious/malformed manifest
+        // demand an unbounded allocation.
+        if (count > PACKAGE_MANIFEST_MAX_APP_MANIFESTS) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Manifest declares more than %d apps", PACKAGE_MANIFEST_MAX_APP_MANIFESTS);
+            return ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW;
+        }
+    }
+
+    out_package.app_manifest_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(count);
+
+    // Catch a gap the count loop above would otherwise silently drop, e.g. app.0.* + app.3.*.
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : properties) {
+        auto index = parse_app_key_index(key);
+        if (index.has_value() && *index >= count) {
+            LOG_E(TAG, "Manifest declares %s but only %zu contiguous app(s) starting at app.0 were found", key.c_str(), count);
+            return ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (count == 0 || bindings_capacity == 0) {
+        return ERROR_NONE;
+    }
+    if (count > bindings_capacity) {
+        LOG_E(TAG, "Manifest declares %zu apps, capacity is %zu", count, bindings_capacity);
+        return ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        error_t result = parse_app_manifest(properties, i, out_bindings[i]);
+        if (result != ERROR_NONE) {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ERROR_NONE;
+}

Modules/app-module/source/paths.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,27 @@
 #include <tactility/paths.h>
 
 #include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace {
+
+// manifest.location.location is the fully-resolved binary file path
+// ({install_dir}/bin/<platform>/<binary>.{elf,so} - see app_resolve_binary_path()), not the
+// install directory itself - strip that fixed 3-segment suffix to recover it.
+bool app_get_install_dir_from_binary_path(const char* binary_path, std::string& out_install_dir) {
+    std::string path = binary_path;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        auto separator = path.find_last_of('/');
+        if (separator == std::string::npos) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        path = path.substr(0, separator);
+    }
+    out_install_dir = path;
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace
 
 extern "C" {
 
@@ -46,7 +67,12 @@ error_t app_paths_get_assets_directory(const char* app_id, char* out_path, size_
         return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
-    int written = std::snprintf(out_path, out_path_size, "%s/assets", static_cast<const char*>(manifest.location.location));
+    std::string install_dir;
+    if (!app_get_install_dir_from_binary_path(static_cast<const char*>(manifest.location.location), install_dir)) {
+        return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    int written = std::snprintf(out_path, out_path_size, "%s/assets", install_dir.c_str());
     if (written < 0 || (size_t)written >= out_path_size) {
         return ERROR_BUFFER_OVERFLOW;
     }

Modules/app-module/source/scheduler.cpp

@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ error_t app_scheduler_start(AppInstanceId app_instance_id, AppLocation location,
         return ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
     }
 
-    // Same bound app_metadata_parse() enforces on manifest.properties-declared depths - a
+    // Same bound package_manifest_parse() enforces on manifest.properties-declared depths - a
     // manifest built directly in C++ (not parsed from a file) must be held to it too.
     if (stack.depth > APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX) {
         LOG_E(TAG, "[instance %lu] stack depth %u exceeds APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX(%u)", app_instance_id, stack.depth, APP_STACK_SIZE_MAX);

Modules/app-module/tests/source/stream_test.cpp

@@ -73,7 +73,11 @@ bool wait_for_state(AppInstanceId id, AppInstanceState target, uint32_t timeout_
 
 AppInstanceId start_idle_app(const char* id) {
     ensure_memory_loader_registered();
-    AppManifest manifest { id, id, APP_CATEGORY_USER, { APP_LOCATION_MEMORY, reinterpret_cast<void*>(idle_app_main) } };
+    AppManifest manifest {};
+    std::strncpy(manifest.id, id, sizeof(manifest.id) - 1);
+    std::strncpy(manifest.name, id, sizeof(manifest.name) - 1);
+    manifest.category = APP_CATEGORY_USER;
+    manifest.location = { APP_LOCATION_MEMORY, reinterpret_cast<void*>(idle_app_main) };
     REQUIRE_EQ(app_manager_add(&manifest), ERROR_NONE);
     AppInstanceId instance_id = 0;
     REQUIRE_EQ(app_start(id, 0, nullptr, &instance_id), ERROR_NONE);

Modules/app-posix-module/source/app_posix_loader_service.cpp

@@ -58,19 +58,21 @@ bool is_executable_file(const std::string& resolved_path) {
 #endif
 }
 
-// location.location can be either an app's install directory or the .so file directly; the
+// location.location can be either an app's install directory or the .so file directly, mirroring
-// former resolves to the per-architecture binary at {dir}/elf/posix-{TACTILITY_POSIX_ARCH}.so,
+// app_esp32_loader_service.cpp's resolve_elf_path(). A "packaged" app's install directory always
-// mirroring app_esp32_loader_service.cpp's resolve_elf_path().
+// holds its single binary at the fixed path {dir}/bin/posix-{TACTILITY_POSIX_ARCH}/app.so - a
+// "terminal" app has no such file (its several binaries keep their own names), so this correctly
+// leaves it unresolvable - terminal apps aren't run through AppLoaderApi (see app/install.h).
 error_t resolve_app_path(const std::string& path, std::string& resolvedPath) {
     if (path.ends_with(".so")) {
         resolvedPath = path;
         return ERROR_NONE;
     }
-    std::string shared_object_path = path + "/elf/posix-" TACTILITY_POSIX_ARCH ".so";
+    std::string candidate = path + "/bin/posix-" TACTILITY_POSIX_ARCH "/app.so";
-    if (!is_regular_file(shared_object_path)) {
+    if (!is_regular_file(candidate)) {
         return ERROR_NOT_FOUND;
     }
-    resolvedPath = shared_object_path;
+    resolvedPath = candidate;
     return ERROR_NONE;
 }
 
@@ -94,9 +96,6 @@ error_t api_load(AppLocation location, AppRuntime* out_runtime) {
 
     LOG_I(TAG, "Loading %s", app_path.c_str());
 
-    // RTLD_NOW: a missing symbol fails here, not mid-run(). RTLD_LOCAL: this app's own exported
-    // symbols (if any beyond its entry point) don't leak into the process's global scope and
-    // clash with a different app's.
     void* handle = dlopen(app_path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW | RTLD_LOCAL);
     if (handle == nullptr) {
         LOG_E(TAG, "dlopen(%s) failed: %s", app_path.c_str(), dlerror());
@@ -117,8 +116,8 @@ error_t api_load(AppLocation location, AppRuntime* out_runtime) {
 int32_t api_run(AppRuntime runtime_ptr, uint32_t /*app_instance_id*/, int argc, char* argv[]) {
     auto* runtime = static_cast<PosixAppRuntime*>(runtime_ptr);
 
-    dlerror(); // clear any pending error, per dlsym(3)'s own recommended idiom for telling a NULL
+    // Clear any pending error, per dlsym(3)'s own recommended idiom for telling a NULL symbol address apart from a real lookup failure
-               // symbol address apart from a real lookup failure
+    dlerror();
     void* symbol = dlsym(runtime->handle, "main");
     const char* lookup_error = dlerror();
     if (symbol == nullptr || lookup_error != nullptr) {

Modules/app-posix-module/tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -15,14 +15,27 @@ set_target_properties(app_posix_module_test_fixture PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPEND
 set(NON_ELF_FIXTURE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/not-elf.so")
 file(WRITE "${NON_ELF_FIXTURE_PATH}" "not an elf file")
 
+# An install-directory-shaped fixture: {dir}/bin/posix-{arch}/app.so, matching where
+# app_posix_loader_service.cpp's resolve_app_path() looks for a "packaged" app's single binary.
+set(INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_PATH "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/install-dir-fixture")
+set(INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_BIN_DIR "${INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_PATH}/bin/posix-${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}")
+add_custom_command(
+    OUTPUT "${INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_BIN_DIR}/app.so"
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E make_directory "${INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_BIN_DIR}"
+    COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy "$<TARGET_FILE:app_posix_module_test_fixture>" "${INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_BIN_DIR}/app.so"
+    DEPENDS app_posix_module_test_fixture
+)
+add_custom_target(install_dir_fixture DEPENDS "${INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_BIN_DIR}/app.so")
+
 file(GLOB_RECURSE TEST_SOURCES CONFIGURE_DEPENDS ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/source/*.cpp)
 add_executable(AppPosixModuleTests EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL ${TEST_SOURCES})
-add_dependencies(AppPosixModuleTests app_posix_module_test_fixture)
+add_dependencies(AppPosixModuleTests app_posix_module_test_fixture install_dir_fixture)
 
 target_include_directories(AppPosixModuleTests PRIVATE ${DOCTESTINC})
 target_compile_definitions(AppPosixModuleTests PRIVATE
     FIXTURE_APP_PATH="$<TARGET_FILE:app_posix_module_test_fixture>"
     FIXTURE_NON_ELF_PATH="${NON_ELF_FIXTURE_PATH}"
+    FIXTURE_INSTALL_DIR_PATH="${INSTALL_DIR_FIXTURE_PATH}"
 )
 
 add_test(NAME AppPosixModuleTests COMMAND AppPosixModuleTests)

Modules/app-posix-module/tests/source/loader_test.cpp

@@ -148,6 +148,12 @@ TEST_CASE("app_is_executable() rejects a nonexistent path") {
 TEST_CASE("app_is_executable() rejects an install-directory-shaped path missing its per-arch .so") {
     ensure_path_loader_registered();
 
-    // FIXTURE_DIR itself has no elf/posix-<arch>.so under it, so resolution fails.
+    // FIXTURE_DIR itself has no bin/posix-<arch>/app.so under it, so resolution fails.
     CHECK_FALSE(is_executable_path(FIXTURE_DIR.c_str()));
 }
+
+TEST_CASE("app_is_executable() accepts an install-directory-shaped path with bin/<arch>/app.so") {
+    ensure_path_loader_registered();
+
+    CHECK(is_executable_path(FIXTURE_INSTALL_DIR_PATH));
+}

Tactility/Private/Tactility/app/appdetails/AppDetails.h

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-
-namespace tt::app::appdetails {
-
-void start(const std::string& appId);
-
-} // namespace

Tactility/Private/Tactility/app/apppackagedetails/AppPackageDetails.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace tt::app::apppackagedetails {
+
+void start(const std::string& packageId);
+
+} // namespace

Tactility/Source/DeprecatedPaths.cpp

@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ std::string getUserHomePath() {
 }
 
 std::string getAppInstallPath(const std::string& appId) {
-    assert(app_id_is_valid(appId.c_str()));
+    assert(app_manifest_id_is_valid(appId.c_str()));
     return std::format("{}/{}", getAppInstallPath(), appId);
 }
 
 std::string getAppUserPath(const std::string& appId) {
-    assert(app_id_is_valid(appId.c_str()));
+    assert(app_manifest_id_is_valid(appId.c_str()));
     return std::format("{}/app/{}", getUserHomePath(), appId);
 }
 

Tactility/Source/Tactility.cpp

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/module.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <Tactility/Tactility.h>
 
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ namespace app {
     namespace alertdialog { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
     namespace apphub { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
     namespace apphubdetails { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
-    namespace appdetails { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
+    namespace apppackagedetails { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
     namespace applist { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
-    namespace appsettings { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
+    namespace apppackagelist { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
     namespace audiosettings { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
     namespace boot { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
     namespace development { extern const ::AppManifest manifest; }
@@ -212,11 +212,11 @@ static void registerInternalApps() {
     LOG_I(TAG, "Registering internal apps");
 
     app_manager_add(&app::alertdialog::manifest);
-    app_manager_add(&app::appdetails::manifest);
+    app_manager_add(&app::apppackagedetails::manifest);
     app_manager_add(&app::apphub::manifest);
     app_manager_add(&app::apphubdetails::manifest);
     app_manager_add(&app::applist::manifest);
-    app_manager_add(&app::appsettings::manifest);
+    app_manager_add(&app::apppackagelist::manifest);
     if (service::audio::isAvailable()) {
         app_manager_add(&app::audiosettings::manifest);
     }

Tactility/Source/app/alertdialog/AlertDialog.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/apphubdetails/AppHubDetailsApp.cpp

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/install.h>
-#include <app/metadata.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <http/download.h>
 
@@ -204,9 +204,9 @@ void updateViews(Context* ctx) {
 
     if (is_installed) {
         std::string metadata_path = std::string(install_path) + "/manifest.properties";
-        AppMetadata metadata;
+        PackageManifest package;
-        if (app_metadata_parse(metadata_path.c_str(), &metadata) == ERROR_NONE
+        if (app_package_manifest_parse(metadata_path.c_str(), &package, nullptr, 0) == ERROR_NONE
-            && metadata.app_version_code < ctx->entry.appVersionCode) {
+            && package.version_code < ctx->entry.appVersionCode) {
             ctx->updateButton = lvgl_toolbar_add_image_button_action(ctx->toolbar, LV_SYMBOL_DOWNLOAD, onUpdatePressed, ctx);
             lv_obj_remove_flag(ctx->updateLabel, LV_OBJ_FLAG_HIDDEN);
         }

Tactility/Source/app/applist/AppList.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/apppackagedetails/AppPackageDetails.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #include <app/event.h>
-#include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
-#include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/install.h>
+#include <app/manager.h>
+#include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <format>
 
@@ -12,17 +13,15 @@
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 
-#include <Tactility/StringUtils.h>
 #include <Tactility/app/alertdialog/AlertDialog.h>
-#include <Tactility/file/File.h>
 #include <Tactility/lvgl/Style.h>
 
 #include <tactility/check.h>
 #include <tactility/log.h>
 
-constexpr auto* TAG = "AppDetails";
+constexpr auto* TAG = "AppPackageDetails";
 
-namespace tt::app::appdetails {
+namespace tt::app::apppackagedetails {
 
 extern const ::AppManifest manifest;
 
@@ -30,13 +29,34 @@ namespace {
 
 struct Context {
     uint32_t appInstanceId;
-    std::string targetAppId;
+    std::string targetPackageId;
-    // findAppManifestById() returns the old-model registry's AppManifest type - AppDetails
+    PackageManifest targetPackage = {};
-    // shows details for apps in that registry regardless of which system they run under.
+    std::vector<std::string> appIds;
-    AppManifest targetManifest = { };
     uint32_t pendingUninstallDialogId = 0;
 };
 
+struct FindPackageContext {
+    const std::string* packageId;
+    PackageManifest* outPackage;
+    std::vector<std::string>* outAppIds;
+    bool found = false;
+};
+
+void onVisitPackage(const ::AppPackage* pkg, void* context) {
+    auto* findContext = static_cast<FindPackageContext*>(context);
+    if (findContext->found || *findContext->packageId != pkg->package.id) {
+        return;
+    }
+    *findContext->outPackage = pkg->package;
+    findContext->outAppIds->assign(pkg->app_ids, pkg->app_ids + pkg->app_id_count);
+    findContext->found = true;
+}
+
+bool findPackage(const std::string& packageId, PackageManifest& outPackage, std::vector<std::string>& outAppIds) {
+    FindPackageContext findContext { &packageId, &outPackage, &outAppIds };
+    app_manager_for_each_package(onVisitPackage, &findContext);
+    return findContext.found;
+}
 
 void onPressUninstall(lv_event_t* event) {
     auto* ctx = static_cast<Context*>(lv_event_get_user_data(event));
@@ -44,7 +64,7 @@ void onPressUninstall(lv_event_t* event) {
     ctx->pendingUninstallDialogId = alertdialog::start(
         ctx->appInstanceId,
         "Confirmation",
-        std::format("Uninstall {}?", ctx->targetManifest.name),
+        std::format("Uninstall {}?", ctx->targetPackage.id),
         choices
     );
 }
@@ -59,7 +79,7 @@ void createWidgets(lv_obj_t* parent, void* userData) {
     lv_obj_set_flex_flow(parent, LV_FLEX_FLOW_COLUMN);
     lv_obj_set_style_pad_row(parent, 0, LV_STATE_DEFAULT);
 
-    auto title = std::format("{} details", ctx->targetManifest.name);
+    auto title = std::format("{} details", ctx->targetPackage.id);
     auto* toolbar = lvgl_toolbar_create(parent, title.c_str());
     // The global toolbar nav callback only knows how to stop old-model apps.
     lvgl_toolbar_set_nav_action(toolbar, LV_SYMBOL_CLOSE, onBackPressed, ctx);
@@ -71,35 +91,39 @@ void createWidgets(lv_obj_t* parent, void* userData) {
     lv_obj_set_style_border_width(wrapper, 0, LV_STATE_DEFAULT);
     lvgl::obj_set_style_bg_invisible(wrapper);
 
-    auto identifier = std::format("Identifier: {}", ctx->targetManifest.id);
+    auto identifier = std::format("Identifier: {}", ctx->targetPackage.id);
     auto* identifier_label = lv_label_create(wrapper);
     lv_label_set_text(identifier_label, identifier.c_str());
 
-    auto* location_label = lv_label_create(wrapper);
+    auto version = std::format("Version: {} ({})", ctx->targetPackage.version_name, ctx->targetPackage.version_code);
-    std::string location;
+    auto* version_label = lv_label_create(wrapper);
-    bool is_internal = ctx->targetManifest.location.type == APP_LOCATION_MEMORY;
+    lv_label_set_text(version_label, version.c_str());
-    bool is_external = ctx->targetManifest.location.type == APP_LOCATION_PATH;
-    if (is_internal) {
-        location = "internal";
-    } else if (is_external) {
-        if (!string::getPathParent(static_cast<const char*>(ctx->targetManifest.location.location), location)) {
-            location = "external";
-        }
-    } else {
-        LOG_E(TAG, "Unknown app location type %d", ctx->targetManifest.location.type);
-        return;
-    }
-    std::string location_label_text = std::format("Location: {}", location);
-    lv_label_set_text(location_label, location_label_text.c_str());
 
-    if (is_external) {
+    char install_path[192];
-        auto* uninstall_button = lv_button_create(wrapper);
+    std::string location = "unknown";
-        lv_obj_set_width(uninstall_button, LV_PCT(100));
+    if (app_get_install_path(ctx->targetPackage.id, install_path, sizeof(install_path)) == ERROR_NONE) {
-        lv_obj_add_event_cb(uninstall_button, onPressUninstall, LV_EVENT_SHORT_CLICKED, ctx);
+        location = install_path;
-        auto* uninstall_label = lv_label_create(uninstall_button);
-        lv_obj_align(uninstall_label, LV_ALIGN_CENTER, 0, 0);
-        lv_label_set_text(uninstall_label, "Uninstall");
     }
+    auto location_text = std::format("Location: {}", location);
+    auto* location_label = lv_label_create(wrapper);
+    lv_label_set_text(location_label, location_text.c_str());
+
+    std::string apps;
+    for (const auto& appId : ctx->appIds) {
+        AppManifest appManifest {};
+        const char* label = app_manager_find_manifest(appId.c_str(), &appManifest) == ERROR_NONE ? appManifest.name : appId.c_str();
+        apps += apps.empty() ? label : std::format(", {}", label);
+    }
+    auto apps_text = std::format("Apps: {}", apps);
+    auto* apps_label = lv_label_create(wrapper);
+    lv_label_set_text(apps_label, apps_text.c_str());
+
+    auto* uninstall_button = lv_button_create(wrapper);
+    lv_obj_set_width(uninstall_button, LV_PCT(100));
+    lv_obj_add_event_cb(uninstall_button, onPressUninstall, LV_EVENT_SHORT_CLICKED, ctx);
+    auto* uninstall_label = lv_label_create(uninstall_button);
+    lv_obj_align(uninstall_label, LV_ALIGN_CENTER, 0, 0);
+    lv_label_set_text(uninstall_label, "Uninstall");
 }
 
 int32_t appMain(int argc, char* argv[]) {
@@ -107,9 +131,9 @@ int32_t appMain(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 
     Context ctx {};
     ctx.appInstanceId = appInstanceId;
-    ctx.targetAppId = (argc > 0) ? argv[0] : std::string();
+    ctx.targetPackageId = (argc > 0) ? argv[0] : std::string();
-    if (app_manager_find_manifest(ctx.targetAppId.c_str(), &ctx.targetManifest) != ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (!findPackage(ctx.targetPackageId, ctx.targetPackage, ctx.appIds)) {
-        LOG_W(TAG, "App %s not found", ctx.targetAppId.c_str());
+        LOG_W(TAG, "Package %s not found", ctx.targetPackageId.c_str());
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -134,7 +158,7 @@ int32_t appMain(int argc, char* argv[]) {
                 case APP_EVENT_RESULT:
                     if (event.result.launch_id == ctx.pendingUninstallDialogId) {
                         if (event.result.result == 0) { // 0 = Yes
-                            app_uninstall(ctx.targetManifest.id);
+                            app_uninstall(ctx.targetPackage.id);
                             shouldClose = true;
                         }
                         app_manager_stop(event.result.launch_id);
@@ -156,15 +180,15 @@ int32_t appMain(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 
 } // namespace
 
-void start(const std::string& appId) {
+void start(const std::string& packageId) {
-    const char* argv[] = { appId.c_str() };
+    const char* argv[] = { packageId.c_str() };
     uint32_t instanceId = 0;
     app_start(manifest.id, 1, argv, &instanceId);
 }
 
 extern const ::AppManifest manifest = {
-    .id = "tactility.appdetails",
+    .id = "tactility.apppackagedetails",
-    .name = "App Details",
+    .name = "Package Details",
     .category = APP_CATEGORY_SYSTEM,
     .location = { APP_LOCATION_MEMORY, reinterpret_cast<void*>(appMain) },
     .flags = APP_MANIFEST_FLAG_HIDDEN,

Tactility/Source/app/apppackagelist/AppPackageList.cpp

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #include <lvgl/icons/shared.h>
 #include <lvgl/fonts.h>
 
-#include <Tactility/app/appdetails/AppDetails.h>
+#include <Tactility/app/apppackagedetails/AppPackageDetails.h>
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/package_manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace tt::app::appsettings {
+namespace tt::app::apppackagelist {
 
 extern const ::AppManifest manifest;
 
@@ -26,11 +27,13 @@ namespace {
 
 struct Context {
     uint32_t appInstanceId;
+    // Must outlive the widgets - button user-data points into this, not a createWidgets()-local vector.
+    std::vector<std::string> packageIds;
 };
 
-void onAppPressed(lv_event_t* e) {
+void onPackagePressed(lv_event_t* e) {
-    const auto* target_manifest = static_cast<const ::AppManifest*>(lv_event_get_user_data(e));
+    auto* packageId = static_cast<char*>(lv_event_get_user_data(e));
-    appdetails::start(target_manifest->id);
+    apppackagedetails::start(packageId);
 }
 
 void onBackPressed(lv_event_t* event) {
@@ -38,18 +41,16 @@ void onBackPressed(lv_event_t* event) {
     app_event_emit_close(ctx->appInstanceId);
 }
 
-void createAppWidget(const ::AppManifest* target_manifest, lv_obj_t* list) {
+void createPackageWidget(const char* packageId, lv_obj_t* list) {
-    // The new AppManifest has no per-app icon - use a shared generic one for every entry, same
+    lv_obj_t* btn = lv_list_add_button(list, LVGL_ICON_SHARED_TOOLBAR, packageId);
-    // fallback AppList.cpp uses.
-    lv_obj_t* btn = lv_list_add_button(list, LVGL_ICON_SHARED_TOOLBAR, target_manifest->name);
     lv_obj_t* image = lv_obj_get_child(btn, 0);
     lv_obj_set_style_text_font(image, lvgl_get_shared_icon_font(), LV_PART_MAIN);
-    lv_obj_add_event_cb(btn, &onAppPressed, LV_EVENT_SHORT_CLICKED, const_cast<::AppManifest*>(target_manifest));
+    lv_obj_add_event_cb(btn, &onPackagePressed, LV_EVENT_SHORT_CLICKED, const_cast<char*>(packageId));
 }
 
-void collectManifest(const ::AppManifest* manifest, void* context) {
+void collectPackageId(const ::AppPackage* pkg, void* context) {
-    auto* manifests = static_cast<std::vector<const ::AppManifest*>*>(context);
+    auto* packageIds = static_cast<std::vector<std::string>*>(context);
-    manifests->push_back(manifest);
+    packageIds->emplace_back(pkg->package.id);
 }
 
 void createWidgets(lv_obj_t* parent, void* userData) {
@@ -68,21 +69,16 @@ void createWidgets(lv_obj_t* parent, void* userData) {
     lv_obj_set_width(list, LV_PCT(100));
     lv_obj_set_flex_grow(list, 1);
 
-    std::vector<const ::AppManifest*> manifests;
+    // createWidgets() can rerun for this same Context (window rebuild-on-remove).
-    app_manager_for_each_manifest(collectManifest, &manifests);
+    ctx->packageIds.clear();
-    std::ranges::sort(manifests, [](const ::AppManifest* a, const ::AppManifest* b) {
+    app_manager_for_each_package(collectPackageId, &ctx->packageIds);
-        return strcmp(a->name, b->name) < 0;
+    std::ranges::sort(ctx->packageIds);
-    });
 
-    size_t app_count = 0;
+    for (const auto& packageId : ctx->packageIds) {
-    for (const auto* target_manifest: manifests) {
+        createPackageWidget(packageId.c_str(), list);
-        if (target_manifest->location.type == APP_LOCATION_PATH) {
-            app_count++;
-            createAppWidget(target_manifest, list);
-        }
     }
 
-    if (app_count == 0) {
+    if (ctx->packageIds.empty()) {
         // lv_obj_align() is ignored for children of a flex-managed parent, so the empty-state
         // label needs its own flex-growing wrapper to center within; the (empty) list is hidden
         // rather than deleted so the wrapper can just take its place in the flex flow.
@@ -139,7 +135,7 @@ int32_t appMain(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 } // namespace
 
 extern const ::AppManifest manifest = {
-    .id = "tactility.appsettings",
+    .id = "tactility.apppackagelist",
     .name = "Apps",
     .category = APP_CATEGORY_SETTINGS,
     .location = { .type = APP_LOCATION_MEMORY, .location = reinterpret_cast<void*>(appMain) },

Tactility/Source/app/boot/Boot.cpp

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/btmanage/BtManage.cpp

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/btpeersettings/BtPeerSettings.cpp

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/crashdiagnostics/CrashDiagnostics.cpp

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>

Tactility/Source/app/development/Development.cpp

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/fileselection/FileSelection.cpp

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/io.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/stream.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>

Tactility/Source/app/gpssettings/GpsSettings.cpp

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/i2cscanner/I2cScanner.cpp

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/paths.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/imageviewer/ImageViewer.cpp

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/inputdialog/InputDialog.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/stream.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>

Tactility/Source/app/launcher/Launcher.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <cstring>
 

Tactility/Source/app/notes/Notes.cpp

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/stream.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>

Tactility/Source/app/selectiondialog/SelectionDialog.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/settings/Settings.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/setup/Setup.cpp

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/timedatesettings/TimeDateSettings.cpp

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/timezone/TimeZone.cpp

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/wifiapsettings/WifiApSettings.cpp

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/wificonnect/WifiConnect.cpp

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/app/wifimanage/WifiManage.cpp

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 
 #include <app/event.h>
 #include <app/manager.h>
-#include <app/start.h>
 #include <app/manifest.h>
 #include <app/scheduler.h>
+#include <app/start.h>
 
 #include <lvgl_window_manager/window_manager.h>
 

Tactility/Source/service/development/DevelopmentService.cpp

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ error_t DevelopmentService::handleAppInstall(HttpServerRequest* request, void*)
     if (
         name_entry == content_disposition_map.end() ||
         filename_entry == content_disposition_map.end() ||
-        name_entry->second != "elf"
+        name_entry->second != "app"
     ) {
         http_server_request_send_error(request, 400, "Multipart form error: name or filename parameter missing or mismatching");
         return ERROR_UNDEFINED;

Tests/SdkIntegration/manifest.properties

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-manifest.version=0.2
+manifest.version=0.3
-target.sdk=0.0.0
+target.sdk=0.8.0-dev
 target.platforms=esp32,esp32s3,esp32c6,esp32p4,posix-x86_64
-app.id=tactility.sdktest
+id=tactility.sdktest
-app.version.name=0.1.0
+version.name=0.1.0
-app.version.code=1
+version.code=1
-app.name=SDK Test
+app.0.id=sdktest
+app.0.name=SDK Test
+app.0.binary=main

Tests/SdkIntegration/tactility.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import tarfile
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 ttbuild_path = ".tactility"
-ttbuild_version = "5.0.1"
+ttbuild_version = "6.0.0"
 ttbuild_cdn = "https://cdn.tactilityproject.org"
 ttbuild_sdk_json_validity = 3600  # seconds
 ttport = 6666
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use_local_sdk = False
 local_base_path = None
 http_timeout_seconds = 10
 # App install uploads the whole package over HTTP and the device only responds once it's
-# fully received, extracted and registered - large packages (e.g. bundled fonts/assets) can
+# fully received, extracted and registered; large packages (e.g. bundled fonts/assets) can
 # easily take well over http_timeout_seconds on a slow SD card, so give it a lot more room.
 install_timeout_seconds = 120
 
@@ -33,30 +33,55 @@ shell_color_cyan = "\033[36m"
 shell_color_reset = "\033[m"
 
 def print_help():
-    print("Usage: python tactility.py [app_path] [action] [options]")
+    print("Usage: python tactility.py [action] [options]")
     print("")
     print("Actions:")
-    print("  build [platform]               Build the app. Optionally specify a platform.")
+    print("")
+    print("  build                          Build the app. Optionally specify a platform.")
     print("    Supported platforms are lower case. Example: esp32s3")
     print("    Supported platforms are read from manifest.properties")
+    print("    Parameters:")
+    print("      (optional) --architecture [input], -a [input]")
+    print("")
     print("  clean                          Clean the build folders")
+    print("")
     print("  clearcache                     Clear the SDK cache")
+    print("")
     print("  updateself                     Update this tool")
-    print("  run [ip]                       Run the application")
+    print("")
-    print("  install [ip]                   Install the application")
+    print("  run                            Run the application")
-    print("  uninstall [ip]                 Uninstall the application")
+    print("    Parameters:")
-    print("  bir [ip] [platform]           Build, install then run. Optionally specify a platform.")
+    print("      (required) --host, -h [input]")
-    print("  brrr [ip] [platform]          Functionally the same as \"bir\", but \"app goes brrr\" meme variant.")
+    print("")
+    print("  install                        Install the application")
+    print("    Parameters:")
+    print("      (required) --host, -h [input]")
+    print("")
+    print("  uninstall                      Uninstall the application")
+    print("    Parameters:")
+    print("      (required) --host, -h [input]")
+    print("")
+    print("  bir                            Build, install then run.")
+    print("    Parameters:")
+    print("      (required) --host, -h [input]")
+    print("      (optional) --architecture, -a [input]")
+    print("")
+    print("  brrr                           Functionally the same as \"bir\", but \"app goes brrr\" meme variant.")
+    print("    Parameters:")
+    print("      (required) --host, -h [input]")
+    print("      (optional) --architecture, -a [input]")
     print("")
     print("Options:")
+    print("  -p, --path [input]             Path to the app directory (defaults to current directory)")
     print("  --help                         Show this commandline info")
     print("  --local-sdk                    Use SDK specified by environment variable TACTILITY_SDK_PATH with platform subfolders matching target platforms.")
     print("  --skip-build                   Run everything except the idf.py/CMake commands")
     print("  --verbose                      Show extra console output")
     print("")
     print("Examples:")
-    print("  python tactility.py Apps/Snake build esp32s3 --verbose")
+    print("  python tactility.py build")
-    print("  python tactility.py Apps/Snake bir 192.168.1.50 esp32s3")
+    print("  python tactility.py build --path Apps/Snake --architecture esp32s3 --verbose")
+    print("  python tactility.py bir --path Apps/Snake --host 192.168.1.50 --architecture esp32s3")
 
 # region Core
 
@@ -105,8 +130,8 @@ def exit_with_error(message):
     print_error(message)
     sys.exit(1)
 
-def get_url(ip, path):
+def get_url(host, path):
-    return f"http://{ip}:{ttport}{path}"
+    return f"http://{host}:{ttport}{path}"
 
 def read_properties_file(path):
     properties = {}
@@ -123,6 +148,126 @@ def read_properties_file(path):
 
 #endregion Core
 
+#region Versioning
+
+class SemanticVersion:
+    def __init__(self, major, minor, patch, tag=None):
+        self.major = major
+        self.minor = minor
+        self.patch = patch
+        self.tag = tag
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse(version_string):
+        match = re.match(r"^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:-(.+))?$", version_string)
+        if match is None:
+            exit_with_error(f"Invalid version format: {version_string}")
+        major, minor, patch, tag = match.groups()
+        return SemanticVersion(int(major), int(minor), int(patch), tag)
+
+    def _numeric(self):
+        return (self.major, self.minor, self.patch)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._numeric() == other._numeric() and self.tag == other.tag
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if self._numeric() != other._numeric():
+            return self._numeric() < other._numeric()
+        # Same major.minor.patch: an untagged version outranks any tagged (pre-release) one.
+        if self.tag == other.tag:
+            return False
+        if self.tag is None:
+            return False
+        if other.tag is None:
+            return True
+        return self.tag < other.tag
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self.major}.{self.minor}.{self.patch}" + (f"-{self.tag}" if self.tag else "")
+
+    # Ignores tags: a "-dev"/"-rc1"-tagged pre-release build of a version is still that version,
+    # not an older one, unlike __lt__'s full ordering (which ranks pre-releases below releases).
+    def is_older_release_of(self, other):
+        return self._numeric() < other._numeric()
+
+# Append a new entry whenever the tool drops support for older SDKs.
+# The last entry is the currently effective minimum.
+SDK_COMPATIBILITY_LEDGER = [
+    SemanticVersion.parse("0.8.0"),
+]
+
+def minimum_supported_sdk_version():
+    return SDK_COMPATIBILITY_LEDGER[-1]
+
+def validate_sdk_compatibility(target_sdk_version):
+    minimum = minimum_supported_sdk_version()
+    if SemanticVersion.parse(target_sdk_version).is_older_release_of(minimum):
+        exit_with_error(
+            f"This tool requires SDK version {minimum} or newer "
+            f"(manifest.properties requests {target_sdk_version})"
+        )
+
+#endregion Versioning
+
+#region Argument parsing
+
+# canonical name -> (short flag or None, long flag, takes_value)
+ARG_SPECS = {
+    "path": ("-p", "--path", True),
+    "host": ("-h", "--host", True),
+    "platform": ("-a", "--architecture", True),
+    "verbose": (None, "--verbose", False),
+    "skip-build": (None, "--skip-build", False),
+    "local-sdk": (None, "--local-sdk", False),
+    "help": (None, "--help", False),
+}
+
+class Arguments:
+    def __init__(self, values):
+        self.values = values
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.values.get(key, default)
+
+    def has(self, key):
+        return key in self.values
+
+class ParsedCommand:
+    def __init__(self, action, args):
+        self.action = action
+        self.arguments = args
+
+def parse_command_line(argv):
+    token_to_spec = {}
+    for canonical, (short, long, takes_value) in ARG_SPECS.items():
+        if short is not None:
+            token_to_spec[short] = (canonical, takes_value)
+        token_to_spec[long] = (canonical, takes_value)
+
+    action = None
+    args = {}
+    index = 0
+    while index < len(argv):
+        token = argv[index]
+        if token in token_to_spec:
+            canonical, takes_value = token_to_spec[token]
+            if takes_value:
+                index += 1
+                if index >= len(argv):
+                    exit_with_error(f"Missing value for {token}")
+                args[canonical] = argv[index]
+            else:
+                args[canonical] = "true"
+        elif action is None:
+            action = token
+        else:
+            exit_with_error(f"Unexpected argument: {token}")
+        index += 1
+    return ParsedCommand(action, Arguments(args))
+
+#endregion Argument parsing
+
 #region SDK helpers
 
 def read_sdk_json():
@@ -232,7 +377,7 @@ def validate_self(sdk_json):
         exit_with_error("Server returned invalid SDK data format (toolDownloadUrl not found)")
     tool_version = sdk_json["toolVersion"]
     tool_compatibility = sdk_json["toolCompatibility"]
-    if tool_version != ttbuild_version:
+    if SemanticVersion.parse(ttbuild_version) < SemanticVersion.parse(tool_version):
         print_warning(f"New version available: {tool_version} (currently using {ttbuild_version})")
         print_warning(f"Run 'tactility.py updateself' to update.")
     if re.search(tool_compatibility, ttbuild_version) is None:
@@ -247,10 +392,70 @@ def validate_self(sdk_json):
 def read_manifest():
     return read_properties_file("manifest.properties")
 
+def is_v3_manifest(manifest):
+    return manifest.get("manifest.version") == "0.3"
+
+# The package identifier: a v2 manifest has no package/app distinction, so its single "app.id"
+# doubles as both; a v3 manifest's package id is the bare "id" key, distinct from any of its
+# (possibly several) "app.N.id" app ids.
+def get_package_id(manifest):
+    return manifest["id"] if is_v3_manifest(manifest) else manifest["app.id"]
+
+# The id of the app "run"/"install" operate on. A v2 manifest has exactly one; a v3 manifest may
+# declare several, so this picks the first ("app.0.id") as the one a single-app dev workflow means.
+def get_primary_app_id(manifest):
+    return manifest["app.0.id"] if is_v3_manifest(manifest) else manifest["app.id"]
+
 def validate_manifest(manifest):
-    for key in ("manifest.version", "target.sdk", "target.platforms", "app.id", "app.version.name", "app.version.code", "app.name"):
+    for key in ("manifest.version", "target.sdk", "target.platforms"):
         if key not in manifest:
             exit_with_error(f"Invalid manifest format: {key} not found")
+    if manifest["manifest.version"] not in ("0.2", "0.3"):
+        exit_with_error(f"Unsupported manifest.version: {manifest['manifest.version']}")
+    if is_v3_manifest(manifest):
+        for key in ("id", "version.name", "version.code"):
+            if key not in manifest:
+                exit_with_error(f"Invalid manifest format: {key} not found")
+        if "app.0.id" not in manifest:
+            exit_with_error("Invalid manifest format: app.0.id not found")
+        index = 0
+        while f"app.{index}.id" in manifest:
+            for suffix in ("name", "binary"):
+                key = f"app.{index}.{suffix}"
+                if key not in manifest:
+                    exit_with_error(f"Invalid manifest format: {key} not found")
+            index += 1
+    else:
+        for key in ("app.id", "app.version.name", "app.version.code", "app.name"):
+            if key not in manifest:
+                exit_with_error(f"Invalid manifest format: {key} not found")
+    validate_sdk_compatibility(manifest["target.sdk"])
+
+# Maps each binary this app builds to the directory its own CMake project lives in. A v2
+# manifest always describes exactly one app, built at the app's own root (see
+# package_intermediate_binaries() for its fixed "app.{elf,so}" package filename, matching
+# package_manifest_parse_v2()'s single implicit binary). A v3 manifest declaring a single
+# "app.0.*" block is the same case: built at the app's own root. Only when a v3 manifest
+# declares more than one "app.N.*" block (0-indexed, contiguous - the first missing "app.N.id"
+# ends the list, mirroring package_manifest_parse_v3()) does each get its own subdirectory,
+# named after its own "app.N.binary" (the filename it installs as - see
+# package_manifest_parse_v3()'s doc).
+def get_binary_dirs(manifest):
+    if is_v3_manifest(manifest):
+        binaries = []
+        index = 0
+        while f"app.{index}.id" in manifest:
+            binary = manifest[f"app.{index}.binary"]
+            binaries.append((binary, binary))
+            index += 1
+        if len(binaries) == 1:
+            return [(binaries[0][0], ".")]
+        for binary, directory in binaries:
+            if not os.path.isdir(directory):
+                exit_with_error(f"Binary directory not found for '{binary}': {directory}")
+        return binaries
+    else:
+        return [(manifest["app.id"], ".")]
 
 def is_valid_manifest_platform(manifest, platform):
     manifest_platforms = manifest["target.platforms"].split(",")
@@ -345,7 +550,7 @@ tactility_project_post(%(app_id)s)
 def cmakelists_version_marker():
     return f"# tactility-cmakelists-version: {CMAKELISTS_VERSION}"
 
-def ensure_cmakelists_up_to_date(manifest):
+def ensure_cmakelists_up_to_date(project_id):
     marker = cmakelists_version_marker()
     if os.path.exists("CMakeLists.txt"):
         with open("CMakeLists.txt", "r") as file:
@@ -353,7 +558,7 @@ def ensure_cmakelists_up_to_date(manifest):
         if first_line == marker:
             return
     print(f"Updating CMakeLists.txt to {marker}")
-    content = CMAKELISTS_TEMPLATE % {"version": CMAKELISTS_VERSION, "app_id": manifest["app.id"]}
+    content = CMAKELISTS_TEMPLATE % {"version": CMAKELISTS_VERSION, "app_id": project_id}
     with open("CMakeLists.txt", "w") as file:
         file.write(content)
 
@@ -532,43 +737,58 @@ def package_intermediate_manifest(target_path):
     shutil.copy("manifest.properties", os.path.join(target_path, "manifest.properties"))
     return True
 
-def package_intermediate_binaries(target_path, platforms):
+def get_artifact_extension(platform):
-    elf_dir = os.path.join(target_path, "elf")
+    # POSIX apps are dlopen()ed shared objects (app-posix-module), not idf.py/elf_loader
-    os.makedirs(elf_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    # relocatable images, so they land as a plain ".so" instead of ".elf".
-    for platform in platforms:
+    return ".so" if platform.startswith("posix") else ".elf"
-        elf_path = find_elf_file(platform)
+
-        if elf_path is None:
+def package_intermediate_binaries(target_path, platforms, manifest):
-            print_error(f"ELF file not found for {platform}")
+    # Each binary is built in its own directory (get_binary_dirs()), with its own
-            return False
+    # build/cmake-build-{platform} tree; chdir into it so find_elf_file()/get_cmake_path()
-        # app-posix-module's loader resolves an installed app to "elf/posix-<arch>.so", matching
+    # (both CWD-relative) resolve against the right one, then restore CWD for the next binary.
-        # its own compile-time architecture, not "*.elf".
+    original_cwd = os.getcwd()
-        extension = ".so" if platform.startswith("posix") else ".elf"
+    for binary, directory in get_binary_dirs(manifest):
-        shutil.copy(elf_path, os.path.join(elf_dir, f"{platform}{extension}"))
+        os.chdir(directory)
+        try:
+            for platform in platforms:
+                elf_path = find_elf_file(platform)
+                if elf_path is None:
+                    print_error(f"ELF file not found for '{binary}' on {platform}")
+                    return False
+                # v2's single app always installs at the fixed path bin/{platform}/app.{elf,so}
+                # (package_manifest_parse_v2()); v3 apps install under their own declared
+                # app.N.binary name (package_manifest_parse_v3()).
+                artifact_name = binary if is_v3_manifest(manifest) else "app"
+                platform_dir = os.path.join(target_path, "bin", platform)
+                os.makedirs(platform_dir, exist_ok=True)
+                shutil.copy(elf_path, os.path.join(platform_dir, f"{artifact_name}{get_artifact_extension(platform)}"))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(original_cwd)
     return True
 
 def package_intermediate_assets(target_path):
     if os.path.isdir("assets"):
         shutil.copytree("assets", os.path.join(target_path, "assets"), dirs_exist_ok=True)
 
-def package_intermediate(platforms):
+def package_intermediate(platforms, manifest):
-    target_path = os.path.join("build", "package-intermediate")
+    target_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join("build", "package-intermediate"))
     if os.path.isdir(target_path):
         shutil.rmtree(target_path)
     os.makedirs(target_path, exist_ok=True)
     if not package_intermediate_manifest(target_path):
         return False
-    if not package_intermediate_binaries(target_path, platforms):
+    if not package_intermediate_binaries(target_path, platforms, manifest):
         return False
     package_intermediate_assets(target_path)
     return True
 
 def package_name(manifest):
-    return os.path.join("build", f"{manifest['app.id']}.app")
+    return os.path.join("build", f"{get_package_id(manifest)}.app")
 
 def package_all(manifest, platforms):
     status = f"Building package with {platforms}"
     print_status_busy(status)
-    if not package_intermediate(platforms):
+    if not package_intermediate(platforms, manifest):
         print_status_error("Building package failed: missing inputs")
         return False
     # Create build/something.app
@@ -588,8 +808,9 @@ def setup_environment():
     global ttbuild_path
     os.makedirs(ttbuild_path, exist_ok=True)
 
-def build_action(manifest, platform_arg, skip_build):
+def build_action(manifest, arguments):
-    ensure_cmakelists_up_to_date(manifest)
+    platform_arg = arguments.get("platform")
+    skip_build = arguments.has("skip-build")
     platforms_to_build = get_manifest_target_platforms(manifest, platform_arg)
     # Environment validation
     validate_environment(platforms_to_build)
@@ -598,10 +819,10 @@ def build_action(manifest, platform_arg, skip_build):
         global local_base_path
         local_base_path = os.environ.get("TACTILITY_SDK_PATH")
         validate_local_sdks(platforms_to_build, manifest["target.sdk"])
-    
+
     if should_fetch_sdkconfig_files(platforms_to_build):
         fetch_sdkconfig_files(platforms_to_build)
-    
+
     if not use_local_sdk:
         sdk_json = read_sdk_json()
         validate_self(sdk_json)
@@ -610,19 +831,49 @@ def build_action(manifest, platform_arg, skip_build):
     if not use_local_sdk:
         if not sdk_download_all(sdk_version, platforms_to_build):
             exit_with_error("Failed to download one or more SDKs")
-    if not build_all(sdk_version, platforms_to_build, skip_build):  # Environment validation
+
-        return False
+    # A multi-binary app builds each of its binaries in its own subdirectory as an independent
+    # CMake project; a single-binary app has exactly one binary, built at the app root
+    # ("." from get_binary_dirs()), matching the tool's original single-binary behavior exactly.
+    original_cwd = os.getcwd()
+    for binary, directory in get_binary_dirs(manifest):
+        os.chdir(directory)
+        try:
+            ensure_cmakelists_up_to_date(binary if directory == "." else f"{get_package_id(manifest)}.{binary}")
+            if not build_all(sdk_version, platforms_to_build, skip_build):
+                return False
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(original_cwd)
+
     if not skip_build:
         if not package_all(manifest, platforms_to_build):
             return False
     return True
 
-def clean_action():
+def clean_action(manifest):
+    cleaned_any = False
+    # The app root always has its own build/ (package-intermediate + the final .app/.elf,
+    # regardless of binary count). A multi-binary app additionally has one build/ per binary
+    # subdirectory (get_binary_dirs()), which "." (the root, handled above) doesn't repeat.
     if os.path.exists("build"):
         print_status_busy("Removing build/")
         shutil.rmtree("build")
         print_status_success("Removed build/")
-    else:
+        cleaned_any = True
+    original_cwd = os.getcwd()
+    for _, directory in get_binary_dirs(manifest):
+        if directory == ".":
+            continue
+        os.chdir(directory)
+        try:
+            if os.path.exists("build"):
+                print_status_busy(f"Removing {directory}/build/")
+                shutil.rmtree("build")
+                print_status_success(f"Removed {directory}/build/")
+                cleaned_any = True
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(original_cwd)
+    if not cleaned_any:
         print("Nothing to clean")
 
 def clear_cache_action():
@@ -641,9 +892,9 @@ def update_self_action():
     else:
         exit_with_error("Update failed")
 
-def get_device_info(ip):
+def get_device_info(host):
     print_status_busy(f"Requesting device info")
-    url = get_url(ip, "/info")
+    url = get_url(host, "/info")
     try:
         response = requests.get(url, timeout=http_timeout_seconds)
         if response.status_code != 200:
@@ -654,10 +905,13 @@ def get_device_info(ip):
     except requests.RequestException as e:
         print_status_error(f"Device info request failed: {e}")
 
-def run_action(manifest, ip):
+def run_action(manifest, arguments):
-    app_id = manifest["app.id"]
+    host = arguments.get("host")
+    if host is None:
+        exit_with_error("Missing required argument: --host")
+    app_id = get_primary_app_id(manifest)
     print_status_busy("Running")
-    url = get_url(ip, "/app/run")
+    url = get_url(host, "/app/run")
     params = {'id': app_id}
     try:
         response = requests.post(url, params=params, timeout=http_timeout_seconds)
@@ -668,21 +922,21 @@ def run_action(manifest, ip):
     except requests.RequestException as e:
         print_status_error(f"Running request failed: {e}")
 
-def install_action(manifest, ip, platforms):
+def install_action(manifest, arguments):
-    print_status_busy("Installing")
+    host = arguments.get("host")
-    for platform in platforms:
+    if host is None:
-        elf_path = find_elf_file(platform)
+        exit_with_error("Missing required argument: --host")
-        if elf_path is None:
-            print_status_error(f"ELF file not built for {platform}")
-            return False
     package_path = package_name(manifest)
-    # print(f"Installing {package_path} to {ip}")
+    if not os.path.isfile(package_path):
-    url = get_url(ip, "/app/install")
+        print_status_error(f"Package not found: {package_path} (run 'build' first)")
+        return False
+    print_status_busy("Installing")
+    url = get_url(host, "/app/install")
     try:
         # Prepare multipart form data
         with open(package_path, 'rb') as file:
             files = {
-                'elf': file
+                'app': file
             }
             response = requests.put(url, files=files, timeout=install_timeout_seconds)
             if response.status_code != 200:
@@ -698,10 +952,13 @@ def install_action(manifest, ip, platforms):
         print_status_error(f"Install file error: {e}")
         return False
 
-def uninstall_action(manifest, ip):
+def uninstall_action(manifest, arguments):
-    app_id = manifest["app.id"]
+    host = arguments.get("host")
+    if host is None:
+        exit_with_error("Missing required argument: --host")
+    app_id = get_package_id(manifest)
     print_status_busy("Uninstalling")
-    url = get_url(ip, "/app/uninstall")
+    url = get_url(host, "/app/uninstall")
     params = {'id': app_id}
     try:
         response = requests.put(url, params=params, timeout=http_timeout_seconds)
@@ -716,38 +973,34 @@ def uninstall_action(manifest, ip):
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     print(f"Tactility Build System v{ttbuild_version}")
-    if "--help" in sys.argv:
+
+    # Anchor the cache to the invocation directory, before --path (below) can chdir into the app.
+    ttbuild_path = os.path.abspath(ttbuild_path)
+
+    argv = sys.argv[1:]
+    if len(argv) == 0:
+        print_help()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    parsed_command = parse_command_line(argv)
+
+    if parsed_command.arguments.has("help"):
         print_help()
         sys.exit()
-    # Argument validation
+    if parsed_command.action is None:
-    if len(sys.argv) == 1:
         print_help()
         sys.exit(1)
-    if "--verbose" in sys.argv:
+
-        verbose = True
+    verbose = parsed_command.arguments.has("verbose")
-        sys.argv.remove("--verbose")
+    use_local_sdk = parsed_command.arguments.has("local-sdk")
-    skip_build = False
+
-    if "--skip-build" in sys.argv:
+    app_path = parsed_command.arguments.get("path")
-        skip_build = True
+    if app_path is not None:
-        sys.argv.remove("--skip-build")
+        if not os.path.isdir(app_path) or not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(app_path, "manifest.properties")):
-    if "--local-sdk" in sys.argv:
+            exit_with_error(f"App path not found or missing manifest.properties: {app_path}")
-        use_local_sdk = True
+        if verbose:
-        sys.argv.remove("--local-sdk")
+            print_status_success(f"Switching to app directory: {app_path}")
-    
+        os.chdir(app_path)
-    # Check if the first argument is a path to an app directory
-    if len(sys.argv) > 2:
-        potential_app_dir = sys.argv[1]
-        if os.path.isdir(potential_app_dir) and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(potential_app_dir, "manifest.properties")):
-            if verbose:
-                print_status_success(f"Switching to app directory: {potential_app_dir}")
-            os.chdir(potential_app_dir)
-            sys.argv = [sys.argv[0]] + sys.argv[2:]
-    
-    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
-        print_help()
-        sys.exit(1)
-    
-    action_arg = sys.argv[1]
 
     # Environment setup
     setup_environment()
@@ -755,58 +1008,30 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         exit_with_error("manifest.properties not found")
     manifest = read_manifest()
     validate_manifest(manifest)
-    all_platform_targets = manifest["target.platforms"].split(",")
     # Update SDK cache (tool.json)
     if not use_local_sdk and should_update_tool_json() and not update_tool_json():
         exit_with_error("Failed to retrieve SDK info")
     # Actions
+    action_arg = parsed_command.action
     if action_arg == "build":
-        if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+        if not build_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments):
-            print_help()
-            exit_with_error("Commandline parameter missing")
-        platform = None
-        if len(sys.argv) > 2:
-            platform = sys.argv[2]
-        if not build_action(manifest, platform, skip_build):
             sys.exit(1)
     elif action_arg == "clean":
-        clean_action()
+        clean_action(manifest)
     elif action_arg == "clearcache":
         clear_cache_action()
     elif action_arg == "updateself":
         update_self_action()
     elif action_arg == "run":
-        if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        run_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments)
-            print_help()
-            exit_with_error("Commandline parameter missing")
-        run_action(manifest, sys.argv[2])
     elif action_arg == "install":
-        if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        install_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments)
-            print_help()
-            exit_with_error("Commandline parameter missing")
-        platform = None
-        platforms_to_install = all_platform_targets
-        if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
-            platform = sys.argv[3]
-            platforms_to_install = [platform]
-        install_action(manifest, sys.argv[2], platforms_to_install)
     elif action_arg == "uninstall":
-        if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        uninstall_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments)
-            print_help()
-            exit_with_error("Commandline parameter missing")
-        uninstall_action(manifest, sys.argv[2])
     elif action_arg == "bir" or action_arg == "brrr":
-        if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        if build_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments):
-            print_help()
+            if install_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments):
-            exit_with_error("Commandline parameter missing")
+                run_action(manifest, parsed_command.arguments)
-        platform = None
-        platforms_to_install = all_platform_targets
-        if len(sys.argv) >= 4:
-            platform = sys.argv[3]
-            platforms_to_install = [platform]
-        if build_action(manifest, platform, skip_build):
-            if install_action(manifest, sys.argv[2], platforms_to_install):
-                run_action(manifest, sys.argv[2])
     else:
         print_help()
         exit_with_error("Unknown commandline parameter")